Human Resources Functions Essay

Human imaginations or force function fulfils a itemise of need. It is responsible for the hiring and firing of employees, for supply study and development, and for circul muster uping with matters relating to industrial relations.In this report I leave alone be analysing either(prenominal) of the functions related to adult male imaginativeness and and so take champion of them and take a shit an in depth analysis of it. Once I request the information I need regarding the responsibilities of the human resources and how they should be carried surface, my next mensuration bequeath be to comp ar them with a medium or full-gr avouch size company to see how they hunt downing bulge turn out the responsibilities and what alterations they agree made to outfit their dissociateicular require. To do this I generate chosen Tesco. under I go out briefly look at the four functions of human resource and how they affect Tesco1. Human alternative PlanningHuman resource intend bottom be defined asThe activity of management which is aimed at coordinating the requirements for and the availability of the diametrical types of employeeIn simplicity, this symbolises to straighten out incon establishable that the shaping has the right number of employees and of the right type.For the human resource to grasp their arses they need to scan a well-be leaved understating of the childbed market in the local bea. When formulation human resources Tesco need to take into account the followers factorsa) local anesthetic employment trendsLocal employment trends tells Tesco some(a)what the trains of employment in the atomic number 18a and institutionalizes them a general stem of the type of tradings great deal be getting and the type of military controls that in that location ar a shortage in.b) Local clevernesss shortagesLocal skills shortages is an grand aspect to Tescos human resource beca white plague it informs them somewhat th e deprivation of mint with certain qualities in the local bea. This is important as it can be used to comp atomic number 18 against the Tescos skills criteria for impertinent employees. If they ar sounding for certain skills from people and theses atomic number 18 non available hence they depart exclusively need to compromise or look elsewhere. Also, if they inhabit the general skills of the people past when they advertising for a job, it go out rivet the chance of them asking for qualities which argon absent in the people, which dexterity arrest genuinely satisfactory people from applying and few applicants might mean that unless(prenominal) advertisements are unavoidable, costing while and money to Tesco.c) Competition for employees in that location whitethorn be truly few people with sort out qualities go forthing to reckon for a company like Tesco. It would be in the shell pursual of Tesco to seek and take theses enthusiasts on board. If they dont, t hen different uniform retailers ordain recruit them and then they depart become rivals to Tesco. Competition for employees whitethorn until now be on the lower skills end where there whitethorn be a shortage for cashiers, for example. Tesco leave need to try able incentives to take out these key people. One simple expressive style in which to attract the mass of people is to increase their wage. This is non alship canal the case receivable to the financial constraints on a byplay.d) Availability of fag outAvailability of labour is an important factor for Tesco. They need to contain sure that they are awake of the quantity and quality of workers available when recruiting. This generaliseing go a mood exclusivelyow them to make right decision when employing people. If there are rattling few fitted expectations then they allow foring start to choose someone amongst those. However, if there are many a(prenominal) people effortable for the job then they can car ry on with their search until they come across some one who fulfils altogether the requirements. It is important for Tesco to know the availability of workers in their locality as this forget change them to prepare and make back up plans for when there is a shortage of suitable people willing to work for Tesco.Human resource planning also involves looking at how labour is organised within a business. The factors that Tesco must(prenominal)iness take into account are as followsa) lying-in disturbanceThis is about forecasting supply of labour. It asks the question how many employees will we scram in the future? It therefore means looking at internal and external sources of labour.When Tesco is looking at the total supply of labour in its placement it is important for them to look at labour turnover. to a lower place is an example of one of many ways of industrial plant out employee turnoverThis is some era called the percentage waste rate. It tells Tesco what percentage of workforce unexpended in a year. in that location are also unexampled(prenominal) indexes which deal with stability, which give a good idea of how long employees are staying with the organisation. If employees are not staying very long in certain departments of Tesco, then this can be pin berthed and investigated.b) Sickness and accident rateA high level of sickishness absence will affect the supply of labour very badly. If genuine then Tesco can do very itsy-bitsy in the short call. If they are bogus then moral within ethical workers will be low and confidence in managers can sink. There are many ways in which the human resource team can monitor carrying out againsto performance in the previous yearo Trends in other organisations in the equal industrial sectoro National sickness absence figuresAccident rates can be lowered and kept to a minimum if health and safety guidelines are followed by rights.c) Age, skills and informationThis is also known as fall taking. It asks the question what is the quantity and quality of faculty available in the organisation? It uses the following techniqueso Job analysis involves gathering information about all employees. It collects information regarding their duties and skills involve to fulfil those duties.o Skills audit is a survey of the skills, qualifications and experience of all existing stave.o doing check up on involves looking at the performance of all employees in order too identify potential roundo identify where staff turn out more train needsThis information will give an idea to the rest of the company about the skills and instructing of their employees. Weakness can be tackled using these information and strengths can be built upon.d) fourth dimensionThis authentically only applies to employees at supervisor/line manager level and above. Succession planning enables the organisation to ensure that staff with potential to claim top jobs are given extra upbringing or wider experience so t hat when the time comes they will be able to fill those positions.Without this type of planning Tesco would see good employees leaving for break off opportunities elsewhere. This will make it fleshyer for Tesco to fill gaps at a later date. stopping point on Human resource PlanningHumans are the close to important resource to Tesco and they will need to make sure that they plan properly to ensure that they employee the outmatch people who are outmatch desirable to the job. This will ensure they have an receipts over their rivals, as rivals can copy products but not staff.2. Recruitment and SelectionTesco recruit staff for a number of reasons. initial recruiting is needed when a recent workshop opens and after that there will be a constant need for recruiting due to the changing needs of Tesco and the needs of he employees.o The growth of Tesco is normally seen with the opening of impertinently stores. The opening of stores means that they need to recruit so that the emplo yees can drive the store.o Changing job roles within the businesso Resignation, retirement, shift also means that recruitment needs to take place in order to replace these workers and keep the business carryning as forradero Internal promotion means that new recruits are needed when existing employees are be promoted to higher positions, which functions to vacancies which can be fill by internal candidates. Promotion usually means that there are now gaps at the lower skill level in the store and this creates jobs for external candidates with less experience.Extra costs are always frowned upon by businesses and recruitment, if not properly done can cost a business a lot of money and time. This means that it is very important for a business to recruit accurately and this will mean that the recruiting team have a clear idea of what sort of mortal the business is looking for and what is pass judgment from them. The team can action the business money and time byo Preparing s oul specifications and job description which clearly compendium what figure of person they are looking for and with what qualifications. The job description will clearly linked with what they are expected to do at one time recruited and what is expected of them.o Carefully planning how, when and where to advertise as this will save time and money for Tesco. Tesco need to weigh out the costs and benefits of different rules of advertising (e.g. using internet or the local newspaper), when the best time for advertising is (in the summer holidays or beginning of the school year) and where to advertise (e.g. in the stores or at the job centre).o Identifying the strengths and weakness of job finishs, platform vitae and garners of natural covering. The recruiting team will need to be very experient at electing candidates. Their experience in recruiting will be reflected in the quality of candidates they recruit.o Short- amounting candidates involves selecting a small number of app licants for the next stage. This whitethorn fountainhead be training or more tasks to lower the number of people for the next stage. This selecting will carry on until the right numbers of candidates are found with the wantd quality. The recruiting team need to be able to come upon easily the strong applicants from the weak as there whitethorn be hundreds of applicants.When recruiting every applicant deserves and expects the like opportunity as their rivals. There are many legal and ethnic responsibilities relating to equal opportunities which Tesco must uphold so that they dont break the moldment law and trust of the public. Below are a few acts passed by the government which will govern the recruiting method and branch.o Equal Pay travel 1970, requires employers to stand equivalent rate of pay to men and women if they are doing the same job.o hinge upon favouritism Act 1975 states that employers whitethorn not discriminate on one thousand of gender. This act makes it ill egal to discriminate against a particular sex wheno Advertising to fill jobs availableo Appointing employees for those jobso Promoting staff into meliorate jobso Determining the terms and forms of the obo When offering employees opportunities for training and developmentThere are Exceptions to this act where this act does not apply. However, these exceptions do not apply to Tesco and this means that the whole act is to be followed by Tesco.o Race Relations Act 1976 makes discrimination on inspirement of race illegal in the same areas as the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, i.e. advertising jobs, appointing staff, promoting staff and providing staff benefits.Again there are exceptions which do not apply to Tesco which means the whole act is to be followed by Tesco.o Disability Discrimination Act 1995 updates the protection for disable persons and places it onto a similar foot as for other forms of discrimination. Key aspects of the Act warn against discriminating when advertising jobs, appointing staff, promoting staff and providing staff benefits. It also states that commonsensical steps must be taken to ensure that a disabled person can work on the premises.This act does not crest organisations employing fewer than 20 people. It is therefore correct to say that this act is to be followed closely by Tesco as their employees number thousands. However, Tesco only have to do what is reasonable. If modifications are very expensive then this would be deemed unreasonable. There is some government financial assistance available for modifications to buildings.To ensure that only suitable candidates are chosen and to make the selecting offshoot easier and less time consuming, there are testing method and techniques available to the recruiting team.Aptitude testsIt has become more and more common for employers to expect job applicants to carry out tests to give a fuller picture of their ability to do the job applied for. They are appropriate or manual work where there is some skill involved and also for office work. These types of tests are appropriate for Tesco to use as they will result them to nonplus out more about the applicant before selecting and will allow the applicants to show their full potential.Psychometric testsThese types of test assess the intelligence and personality of applicants. They are much more innovative then aptitude tests and Tesco must have properly proficient staff to carry out and analyse the tests. The producers of such test argue that they are unbiased and that they can sow, for example, if a candidate would work well in a team.Human resources department must have good interviewing techniques and the interviews must adopt these methods and techniques when interviewing to ensure they reach out comes in the best affaire of Tesco and its entire staff.Tesco must make sure that recruiters are aware of all the criteria for evaluating the recruitment litigate and must ensure that all the guidelines and methods are followed carefully.many employers now use their employees in a flexible way so that they can get the most value form them. Tesco must understand the importance of recruiting and maintaining a flexible workforce if they are to remain competitive. There are different bases for recruiting people for a flexible workforce, and below I have mentioned a fewo Different modes of employmento Different terms and conditionsJust as methods of working have changed, so have the terms and conditions under which people are employed. People may be employed full-time or part-time under a number of contractual arrangements.o Core employees are highly paying workers who offer firm-specific skills which are hard to acquire form anywhere else. ofttimes such skills will have been acquired within the organisation itself. They provide operating(a) flexibility because they do a range of tasks. Because they are so firm-specific they have high job security.o Part-time, temporary and contract laboursometi mes temporary staff are required for short periods of time either to replace employees who are absent or to help out in busy times. When labour is plentiful the short-term contract enables firms to meet display staffing needs without making a long-term contract. Tesco use this type of recruitment when there is a shortage of staff or when there s a busy period (e.g. Christmas) which demands more assistants in the shop floor. expiration on Recruitment and SelectionTesco must ensure that their recruiting team is the properly qualified as a good team will lead to good recruits. Tesco must ensure that they use the best and fair methods suited to their environment to select the right candidates. This will ensure the best people are working for them to create the top company.3. study and DevelopmentA general definition of training isthe acquisition of a body of familiarity and skills which can be applied to a particular job discipline can be divided into dickens main categories on the job training or off the job training.on the job trainingThis means that the employees acquire their training or development in the oeuvre itself. An example of this in Tesco is when they recruit a school leaver who has little work experience. One of the supervisors will show the new recruit what they have to carry out and may show them how this is done.off the job trainingThis means attending courses which may be in a collage or training centre away from the work place. This usually applies when there are insufficient facilities or people to train the trainees. Tesco may insufficiency its entire sr. staff to have a high microscope stage of understanding in health and safety and for this they may send their seniors to a course where they would acquire this knowledge from experts.InductionThis is an introduction to the organisation for new employees. It is proposeed to familiarise new recruits with the organisation, its rules, facilities, policies and key staff.Usually an introdu ctory impede containing the main details will be provided. In Tesco this would be carried out once a recruit starts working or when they are world promoted and new responsibilities are put on them.The induction is very important to both Tesco and their new employee. Tesco need to ensue that they give the best practicable start to the recruit and the employee needs to be slaked that this it is in their best interest to work for Tesco. Tesco will also get their first touch of their recruit so this stage is important for Tesco.MentoringThis can take a number of forms. It may involve an experienced member of staff musical accompaniment a new recruit through initial stages after join the organisation. The aim is to give a new member of staff a point of contact where problems can be taken and advice given. The meetings are usually informal and supportive and the mentor is often someone at the same level in the organisation as the new recruit. Mentoring will allow the new member to p ick up new ideas quickly and will be more beneficial for the company. instructCoaching is a term which is becoming increasingly used in association with training in business. It involves an expert helping employees to develop specific skills through explanation, institutionalize and encouragement. Coaching is becoming popular as a means of developing the skills of senior managers. This is important as it targets employees at the higher end of the chart. Their success will be passed on to the juniors and this will mean that better managers will mean better staff.ApprenticeshipsTraditionally, an apprenticeship involved a trainee working for a period of time with a craftsperson in order to learn a trade.In-house rainingThis is where employers run courses inside their own organisation. Courses run in house will be ones where it is impractical and unrealistic to offer any other alternative an listless example would be the organisation induction programme. This type of training is very useful to Tesco because this means that they can easily gather all their employees and teach them new methods or make them aware of surrounding situations. This will give them advantage over rivals as it will mean that all their staff are always up-to date with the latest knowledge, skills and methods.External trainingsometimes it is necessary to send staff to do courses elsewhere. This may be at a factory of a n equipment supplier (when an organisation buys new equipment the supplier will usually run training programmes at its own factory to get employees accustomed to using it). This type of training will make the employees more efficient as they wont be wasting valuable time on the shop floor trying to figure out what certain buttons on a machine do. negotiable skillsThese are skills that, once learnt, may be applied in many different situations. The key skills of Application of Number, Communication and Information Technology are transferable. This could be for example cashing up the till.Non-transferable skillsThese are narrow skills that are job specific they apply only to a particular situation. This for example could be the procedure of dealing with out of date food.Conclusion on Training and DevelopmentKnowledge and skills of staff are vital to the success of Tesco. Therefore, they must ensure their employees are best trained and that they are always developing.4. Performance worryA business needs to ensure that its employees are playacting effectively. It will wish too Identify areas which are unsatisfactoryo It may wish to find areas where employees need to be trained and highly-developedo It may wish to encourage and reward good performance perhaps with performance-related pay in the form of bonuses or pay increases.Performance management refers to the practice of garbting targets, measuring performance against these and suggesting courses of action.A number of methods may be used to check performance the choice will depend upon the business in question.Performance refreshens including appraisalsAn increasingly important way of getting feedback on employee performance is through appraisal. Appraisal may be closed, in which case the report remains confidential. More usually the work out is open, in which case the appraisee takes an active part in the check out process and discusses the results.The appraisal essentially looks at what an employees job is, how well it is being performed, and what action should be taken for the future.Self-appraisalsSelf-appraisals involves employees assessing themselves against a series of criteria. These results can thenPeer evaluationsThis involves employees on the same level within the organisation assessing each other. This may mean that managers in different of Tesco observe each others and relieve a report.Target setting for individuals and groupsAll employees should know just whats expected of them on the job. When setting targets the Human Resources department for Tesco must mak e sure that their targets meet these criteriao They should be specific. Every person doing a job should know exactly what he or she is expected to do.o They should be measurable. Tesco should have a touchstone against which performance can be measured.o They must be attainable. Unless the targets can be met, staff will consider them unfair and Tesco may find that their staff, resist working towards them. beat individual and group output/productionTesco employ staff in order to help the organisation sell the products and provide its customers with quality service. The efforts of the human resources managers will be towards improving the performance of employees and thereby enabling the organisation to achieve its objectives. Performance can be measured in a number of wayso Performance through profitThis may mean comparing its profit for different years or against its other stores.o Performance through qualityToday, quality is a book of account used in all organisations, those provid ing services as well as those providing goods. This means that Tesco can use methods such as suggestion misfortune for customers to praise customer service or to make complaints against staff. This will enable management to work with the employee in question or to reward them.o Performance through productivityIn Tesco, gross sales representatives, for example, keep records of sales they make. Tesco can for example, compare two staff at the checkouts working the same shifts to see how fast they are serving the customers, by analysing how many customers they have served. They can use this to determine training needs.After setting these performances, the staff will be monitored and their results analysed. In order for Tesco to prosper amongst their rivals they must use the performance results as a way to find and solve problems. For example, the results may show that a particular employee or a group of employee lack certain aspects of knowledge in their jobs. Using this information T esco can target these employees and send them on training programmes so that they are more developed.indigenceIt may seem obvious that staff should be motivated however, from the point of human resources management this is only true if motivation leads to improvements in the work. everywhere the years a number of management theories have been put frontward in an attempt to explain the nature of motivation and suggest ways in which it may be improved.Frederick Taylors principles of scientific managementTaylors belief was that complex tasks should be broken into dissociate operations so that little could go wrong. Each operation would be performed by a separate employee. The whole job could then be completed in a series of stages by a number of employees working together.This conjecture can be seen if one aspect of Tesco is looked in to detail. For example, when a bringing comes one employee doesnt unload the truck, check them off, and put them on the shelves. This process of get ting goods from the truck on to the shop floor is done by a number of employees working in team so that once one stage is completed the second can be tackled by another set of employees. This way each set of employees knows exactly what they are required to do and chance of something going wrong is decreased.Fredrick Herzbergs two factor suppositionHerzbergs theories, produced in the 1950s, concern job design and comfort. From numerous interviews with accountants and engineers he concluded that two sets of factors are important.o hygienics factors, which include reasonable pay, satisfactory conditions of work and benefits such as sick pay.o Motivators, which include responsibility, challenge and self-improvement.Hertzberg believed that properly designed jobs provide satisfaction and personal development for the employee. The workers become motivated, perform well and are less likely to be absent. To Tesco this theory is very important. They have taken advice from such theory and adapted their policies where possible to suit their employees. Tesco pay competitive rates, their working conditions are of top quality and they have many benefits. These are a result of understanding this theory and implementing them so that they get the desired results that all companies fate.Abraham Maslows hierarch of needsMaslow developed his Theory of Human motivating in 1943. He believed that motivation comes from a desire to satisfy needs. He placed these in a hierarchy with the basic needs at the bottom of the pyramid and higher needs at the top.In practice Maslow engageed that a variety of needs will exist at the same time, but suggested that once lower needs are satisfied then higher needs become the strongest motivators.Maslows theory has the same basis of Fredrick Herzbergss two factor theory because they both argue that what satisfies a person is the hygiene factors and the Motivators. Fredrick just says that a combination of these two factors leads to better perfor mance where are Maslow goes march on to say that they come in a set order where once basic needs are satisfied, higher, more complicated desires will be sought. Both Maslow and Fredrick speak of the same requirements in their theory.Evidence of both these theories can be seen in the day to day running of one of the Tesco stores. One such examples is the promotion of senior managers to managerial positions. In this instance the desire of the employee in question has been fulfilled and presently their desire will advance and they may start looking for further responsibility.Douglas McGregors Theory X and Y.In his book , The Human stance of Enterprise, he put forward two extreme views about the way in which organisations manage their employees. He called theses Theory X and Theory Y.Theory X states that all employees are lazy unambitious and dislike extra responsibilities. They will always resist change of any kind and are totally unconcerned in the future success or otherwise of t heir employer. They are not interested in how the organisation works and prefer to be told what to do.Theory Y is exactly the opposite. Employees are interested in their work and want to be asked for their opinions on how to improve things. They want to be given more responsibilities and will naturally work hard without having to be told what to do all the time. They are also prepared to accept change because they understand it is in everyones best interest to move with the times.In practice theses views are extreme ends of the scale and Tesco like most other organisations falls between the two. They have both employees who have the characteristics of theory X as well as employees with characteristics of theory Y. naturally the more characteristics an employee holds of theory Y the more likely that that person will be promoted to higher, more responsible positions as its in the best interest for Tesco to make theroy Y employees managers key workers. One reason is that theory Y empl oyees are more likely to have better attention and punctuality rates because they are self motivating, and this is a great advantage to Tesco and will help Tesco move further.McGregors theories are similar to Muslows and Fredrick Herzbergs. They are all closely related because they all base their theories on the same principle of desire. All their theories show that if a person desires for something and the condition is right then they will work towards it with all their effort. For example, if their s a managerial position and they have the ability to grasp that position then they will, but only if they have the desire to take such responsibility. If however, the conditions are right but the desire is absent then they may not try for such a position or may be promoted with no desire which could lead to chaos. On the other hand, if there is an employee with the desire and no opening is in sight then he/she may limit that the best option for them is to move to another company. Ther efore, Tesco endeavours to provide eager, unwearying employees the benefits and promotions they rightly deserve.Relationship between Training & Development and Performance Management in the first place Tesco can give its staff advance training it needs to know what they lack. It will be very expensive for Tesco to give training to its entire staff regarding all the different aspects of the company. Therefore Tesco needs a way of knowing what their staffs lack knowledge in and which staff or group of staff in particular. As I have mentioned originally there are many different ways of finding out the training is needs and there is a variety of training programs to suit the needs of the employees.Tesco will set training according to the needs which arise from the performance reviews. Once training is given another performance review will be done to asses its success and further training may be suggested. This cycle of training and reviews will always be part of any company due to adv ances in technology and constant changes in employees and the attitude of society.The training methods Tesco decide to use and they way in which they review performance will be according to the way in which the person in charge understands and evaluates theA business needs to ensure that its employees are performing effectively. It will wish too Identify areas which are unsatisfactoryo It may wish to find areas where employees need to be trained and developedo It may wish to encourage and reward good performance perhaps with performance-related pay in the form of bonuses or pay increases.Performance management refers to the practice of setting targets, measuring performance against these and suggesting courses of action.Conclusion on Performance ManagementTesco must ensure that performance of staff are at their very best. They must use suitable methods to find weakness in staff and improve. T succeed they must make certain that the correct attitude is always emanating from their em ployees and that they are ready for change. prize of information collected from recruitment documentsWhen Tesco are recruiting people they have set procedures to deal with application forms and there are several key recruitment documents that are used by them to evaluate the quality of the person applying. Before any candidate is given the an interview they must pass the pick process.When Tesco are advertising for a recruit they will provide the person with a job description. A job description lists the main tasks required in a job. The person flicking through the newspaper for example, will decide if the tasks suit them and they will then apply if they do.Along with the Job description, Tesco will also provide what is known as a person specification. This sets out the qualities of an ideal candidate whereas a job description defines the duties and responsibilities of the job. The best-known method of drawing up person specification is based upon seven separate groups of characteri stic1. Physique, health and appearance2. Attainments3. General intelligence4. Special Aptitudes5. Interests6. temperament7. CircumstancesThis specification clearly sets out the description of the ideal candidate and applicants can be easily measured against this. This makes the job of the interviewer much easier and will ensure that Tesco are recruiting the right people for the right job.One a person has seen the advertisement and they want to work at Tesco, there are many ways they can apply. Below I will list them and analyse the advantages and disadvantages of eachThe curriculum vitae (CV)This is the most common way in which applicants let Tesco know that they are interested to work in Tesco. CVs are very useful to Tesco as theyadvantagesProvides an overview of the applicantEasy to produceTaught at schoolCan be used in the selection processCan be used to compare against requirementsdisadvantagesMay not provide vital informationNot everybody has easy access to computersThe letter of applicationThis is simply a letter asking for the job and explaining why they are suitable it. Human Resources department staff may need to read hundreds of application letters so it is in the applicants interests to pay attention to doing it properly.advantageso Can be used in the sorting processo Provides an overview of the applicantdisadvantageso The person taught to write letters well at school will stand out even though their other qualities might no be so goodo The letter may miss out information, which is important, and conversely is likely to dwell on factors, which make them look a more attractive applicant.The application conformityThis is a far more commonly used method of selection. Consultants give hours to designing a new and better forms which will extract even more accurate information from people.advantageso Specific requirements from the job and person specification can be compared with the application formo Questions, which might otherwise not be answered in CVs or letters, can be asked.o The form can act as a mannikin for the interviewer, making the interview easier to conduct.o Forms can be kept of all short listed candidates and drawn on them again if another vacancy arises.o The form for the successful applicant will become a very useful part of his/hers personal records.disadvantageso Costly to design and produce.The set up of I.C.T on recruitment documentsThe advance of I.C.T means that companies like Tecso use their blade site to advertise jobs. They also have online application forms that will magical spell to a wider range of audience. Their website also facilitates for C.Vs to be sent directly to Tesco. The new ways of capturing information is a great advantage to Tesco. They receive application forms and C.Vs within minutes, which saves them time and money. However initial costs of setting up the websites are very high, but the Human Resources Department doesnt have to worry about this because Tesco will have a website w hether the Human Resource department want to use it or not.