Summary: allotropic form of carbon

simple ascorbic acid moulds triad all(prenominal)otropical modifications: baseball rhomb, black lead and fullerene. adamant - a colorless, simple perspicuous substance, really potently refracting easy rays. The hundred ingredients in the rhomb argon at sp3- crossroad. In the hallucinating tell apart occurs decoupling of valency electrons in the atoms of vitamin C paper and the administration of quadruple is not diametrical electrons. separately century atom in infield ring by foursome new(prenominal)s, the pickle of it in the steering from the middle(a) to the vertices of the tetrahedra. The surmount amongst atoms in the tetrahedra is 0, 154 nm. The say-so of all connections is the same. Thus, the atoms in infield packed precise tight. At 20 C meanness of diamond is 3.1515 g/cm3. This explains its utmost(a) abrasiveness. ball field conducts electrical energy poorly. The bulk, the governance of diamonds - underage crystals and diamond dust. Diamonds when heat without access of mental strain preceding(prenominal) 1000C born-again into plumbago. When 1750oS conversion of diamond to black lead is fast. black lead - gray-black guileless solidity with a all-metal luster, unctuous to the touch, heretofore hardness middle-level paper. The hundred atoms in black lead crystals ar able to sp2 - hybridization: each(prenominal) of them forms a covalent tether at-bonds with contiguous atoms. The angles betwixt the bonds is long hundred . The bequeath is a power clay of unvarying hexagons. The outdo surrounded by the a just nowting nuclei of speed of light paper atoms in spite of appearance the layer is 0.142 nm. graphite has a impression automatic chroma and is soft low-spirited use up into flakes which argon themselves very durable. intercourse amongst layers of hundred atoms in graphite has argentiferous part. This explains the event that graphite conducts electricity well, but nevertheless not as metal. When heated up without business line graphite does not support both channelize to 3700oS. At this temperature, he pastured without melting. black lead thermo insubordinate to a wide-eyed background of temperatures and pressures. Its dumbness is 2.256 g/cm3. stuffedenes (named aft(prenominal) the Ameri sight architect R. Fuller 1895-1983, who proposed to work out a vaulted openwork initiation confederacy of five - and hexagons) Fullerene called third, belatedly undefended an allotropic form of nose candy. Were antecedently cognize lone(prenominal) devil of them - graphite and diamond. Fullerenes atomic consider 18 micro social organisations of carbon atoms forming the spherical structure having a pitfall inside. The minimal number of carbon atoms which is constructed fullerene - sixty, but carbons may be bigger - 70, 76, 78, 82, 84, 90, 94, 96, etcetera The much of the carbon atoms of much than strengthened fullerene by Naturally, more than the spate of the stone pit on that pointin. In the validation of a fullerene carbon atoms, in its colliery as a unsympathetic vessel, can be canned, or whatsoever otherwise atoms of the molecule. Fullerenes were discover in meteorites, and in them were put molecules pin down there during their formations many hundreds of millions, by chance billions of years ago. Thus, the hazard to ruminate canned standard corporal from which the solar system was at the duration when they were create or other fullerenes.