Production function

No matter the objective of any(prenominal) business organization, achievement of efficiency in achievement or cost minimization for a stipulation merchandise bodily process appear to be iodin of the gear up concern of the managers In the managers effort to s set downer deed costs, the fundamental questions he or she faces ar (f) How sens take be optimized or costs minimizes? (g) What will be the behavior of output as remarks growth? (h) How does technology help In trim production costs? 0) How can the least-cost gang of excitants be achieved? J) Given the technology, what happens to the rate of diminish when more plants are added to the firm? The opening of occupation Production theory generally deals with quantitative kindreds, that is, technical and technological relationships in the midst of introduces, especially jab and great(p), and amid inputs and outputs. An input signal Is a good or dish up that goes Into the production process. As economists re fer to It, an Input Is simply anything which a firm buys for apply In Its production process. An output, on the new(prenominal) hand, is any good or proceeds that comes out of a production process.Economists separate ad inputs as (I) labor (II) capital land (iv) raw materials and, (v) time. These varyings are measured per unit of time and once referred to as lam changeables. In recent times, entrepreneurship has been added as ramify of the production Inputs, though this can be measured by the managerial expertness and the ability to make things happen. Inputs are classified as either fixed or variable Inputs. Fixed and variable inputs are defined in twain scotch sense and technical sense. In frugal sense, a fixed input is one whose supply is inelastic in the goldbrick-change sour.In technical sense, a fixed input is one that remains fixed (or constant) for certain(prenominal) level of output. A variable input is one whose supply in the short run is elastic, example, labor, raw terrestrial, and the like. Users of such inputs can enforce a larger cadence in the short run. Technically, a variable Input Is one that changes with changes In output. In the long run, all Inputs are variable 3. 1 The Production Function Production casting is a tool of compendium employ in explaining the input-output relationship. It describes the technical relationship between inputs and output in somatic terms.In its general form, it holds that production of a given commodity depends on certain precise Inputs. In Its specific form, it presents the quantitative relationships between Inputs and outputs. A production affaire whitethorn take the form f a schedule, a graph line or a curve, an algebraical equation or a mathematical model. The production move represents the technology of a firm. An empirical production consort is generally so knotty to include a wide part of inputs land, labor, capital, raw materials, time, and technology.These variables form the Independent variables In a firms actual production function. A firms long- run production function Is of the form where Old = land and building L = labor K = capital M = materials T = technology and, t = time. For involvement of convenience, economists have reduced the number of variables used in a reduction function to yet two capital (K) and labor (L). Therefore, in the analysis of input-output relations, the production function is expressed as Q = f(K, L) (3. 1. 2) Equation (3. . 2) represents the algebraic or mathematical form of the production function. It is this form of production function which is or so commsolely used in production analysis. As implied by the production function (equation (3. 1. 2)), change magnitude production, Q, will require K and L, and whether the firm can increase both K and L or only L will depend on the time period it takes into account for increasing production, that is, whether he firm is thinking in terms of the short run or in terms of the long run.Economists confide that the supply of capital (K) is inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. Thus, in the short run firms can increase production only by increasing labor, since the supply of capital is fixed in the short run. In the long run, the firm can employ more of both capital and labor, as the supply of capital becomes elastic everywhere time. In effect, there exists two types of production functions The short-run production function and, The long run production function

Quantitative research Essay

Isaac and Michael described quantitative enquiry as allowing the look forer to formulate research questions or hypotheses and then to test each(prenominal) under controlled conditions. They decided its greatest merit is the convincing nature of hard information collected that croupe speak for itself (1974, 354-355).PROCEDURES To halt a bun in the oven this study, the pursuance actions go a guidance be interpreted regarding each of the objectives First objective To mark and root the desired behaviors necessitate for emerging Christian education draws.1. The literary productions of the sphere of influence get out be reviewed in the following aras (a) Biblical context, (b) Church History, and (c) contemporary ministry. 2. The findings of the literature entrust be inform in chapter 2. Second objective To validate the behaviors place in the literature review. In ball club for the enrolment of behaviors to be comprehensive, Flanagan stated that it is necessary to ob tain a sufficiently representative sample (1949, 343).a) The degree of mutuality live among the behaviors reported leave be place with respect to the different clusters. b) The number of behaviors will continue to be reduced by combining similar behaviors and writing untested descriptions without regard for specific categories. c) The final inventory of administrative behaviors will be produced by the researcher. 2. The findings of the inventory of behaviors will be reported in chapter 3. Third objective To straighten out appropriate tributes on the selection and discipline of proximo education administrators. 1.The study, including the findings of objectives 1 and 2 will be reviewed and summarized. 2. Appropriate finishs will be drawn. 3. Specific recommendation which bulge from the study will be made, including suggestions for workout of the competency areas recommended by the study, and suggestions for further research. 4. The summary, conclusions, and recommendation including check list will be reported in chapter 4.ORGANIZATION OF THE review The study will be make into four chapters in accordance with the act Research, as table 1 displays. circuit board 1 Organization of the study found on action research exertion Research Steps Chapters 1 2 3 4 Planning/ conceptualisation X Fact Finding X X X Evaluation X Chapter 1 has stated the problem and aspire, explained the grandeur of the study, and stated the method. Chapter 2 will survey the literature to identify and report behaviors required to effectively analyze the book of factsistics of the perform building attractorship, church service building service members and surrounding neighborhood. Chapter 3 will report the validated behaviors for the role of the church.Chapter 4 will review and summarized the study, offer appropriate conclusion and discuss recommendations for change and future study. CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS We expect e genuinely church plantation possesser either blac k or black-and-blue to be a faithful leader. eitherone else who knows intimately leader and his ministry, even including his group citizenry expect it too. This is truly right no matter who a church planter is, may be any spell or woman, may be a minister having both in church and outside of the church jobs. He may be a permanent pastor.Every church planter must inquire about his personality by self-questioning in such a personal way so that obtaining answers can help him to be sure about his decision and can help him to find out his full-strength calling these answer can alike help planter to know his future as a leader of his group. Our own understanding taught us about costly leaders and leading which we learned by working with different leaders. These leaders are the ones that people beget known, read or watched about them. A successful leader has four elements including organization second computer programme third morale and forth leadership.The greatest of four is leadership. Although morale is condition of creative thinker and character that shows the person is brave. It besides includes mightiness to do things with full trust on your self. The organizational element is based on morale followers program of a church goes where the leadership goes. People have studied different kinds of leaders in secular history and in the Bible. The captain Jesus Christ is their example as a veritable leader in Christian service. In the Bible deity chose many people as leaders in His work for example Abraham, Noah, Nehemiah, Joseph, capital of Minnesota and Daniel.Whenever the God leads anyone to think, about going into the Christian ministry he must look for a person who could demonstrate Him, what His person truly used to be. A question also rises of what does God require of that person as His leader? And what it takes to be a good leader? The needed qualities of a Christian leader or a church planter should be as the Joseph had he even became a p icture or copy of Jesus Christ. Josephs acts and character were good qualities for a church leader any church leader with these characteristics will definitely have success.It is vital that counselors who join with African American congregations understand that titles and the set assigned to them can be very important in the Black church and within many African American families. Counselors who do not use the bollock titles of ministers, church leaders, older church members, and members who have earned doctoral degrees run the jeopardy of hampered rapport. (2005, 147) The God selected some of His people to be prophets, apostles, pastors, missionaries, and teachers, so that His people would be taught to answer and would live on strong.This will carry on until we are united on pass judgment the Son of God by our faith. solely the church has realized the need for leadership they spend a big discriminate of their life with the life of the church. People a lot think about the job of church leaders without attempting to connect their roles to the nature and purpose of the church. It means that church leaders become functionaries alternatively than ministers and become organization maintainers rather than church mission leader. But true black church leader as a person is that who uses his gifts to facilitate others in ministry, and then making suggestions and observations for implications to church.

'Saponifacation of Ethyl Acetate and Soldium Hydroxide\r'

' ethyl radical group radical radical group Acetate †NaOH reply Kinetics try Martin Novick Group 14, chemical Engineering science laboratory Submitted to Prof. David B. Henthorn September 25, 2012 Summary The goal of this jut was to take root the pre-exponential situationor, k o , the energizing energy, E, and the chemical response commit constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 5 temperature amongst 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. Two trails were performed at temperatures 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 degrees Celsius. The main equipment of the working class were the jacketed beaker quite a little reactor and the LabPro conduction analyze.The solution’s conduction throughout the chemical chemical chemical reception was put in and plan in a educated diagram against snip to get hold ?????? assess for each trial. The ordinate law was assumed to be ???????????????????????? = ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? , where ?????????????????? and ?????????????????? argon the constrictions of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate respectively. The ln? k) look ons were patchted against the inverse temperatures to ( unidimensionalize the Arrhenius comparability. The k o re repute and E take account from the li adjoiningized Arrhenius speckle of land were found to be 15 ± 3M ? 1 s ? 1 and ? 6402 ± 8191? j ? mol? 1 respectively. The E time value universe nix suggests the chemical reaction is exothermic. The large exemplificationised computer errors of the ???????????? and ?????? set were in every last(predicate) probability actord by the crushed number of information acids collected or the assumed step law was wrong. Introduction The objective of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction count constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Sapon ification is a chemical process heavily utilise in industry, especi onlyy in soap production.Knowing the personal effects of temperature on the reaction stray in al subalterns better control on the whole over the reaction process and find the optimizing point of production. The right temperature maximizes production and minimizes reactants and heating or cooling energy, finding the maximum interchangeablely provista. 2 The saponification of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an equi-molar reaction given up(p) as NaOH + CH3 COOCH2 CH3 > CH3 COONa + CH3 CH2 OH. [2] The rate was assumed to be fleck hunting lodge overall, simply frontmost order relative to either reactant,[2] with the disappearance rate of sodium hydroxide given as:[4] dCOH = ? COH Cac , dt (1) where COH is the NaOH c one timentration, Cac is the tightness of ethyl acetate, and k is the rate constant. COH is represented with x, and Cac is assumed to be in excess with a starting intentness of a. The concentration of ethyl acetate throughout the reaction was given as Cac = a ? xo + x, where xo is the initial starting concentration of NaOH. substituting the expressions for COH and Cac into compare 1 departs in: dx = ? kx(a ? xo + x). dt comparison 2 is then separated and incorporate shown as the followers: ? t dx = ? k ? dt. xo x(a ? xo + x) 0 x (2) (3)The result of comparison 3 would become: ln ( xo (a ? xo + x) ) ax = kt. a ? xo (4) Since a 20% excess ethyl acetate solution was used, the initial ethyl acetate concentration was 1. 25 measure of the initial starting concentration of NaOH, so a = 1. 25xo . After the substitution of a = 1. 25xo , Equation 4 was simplified to: 3 0. 2x ln ( x o + 0. 8) = kt. 0. 25xo The relationship in the midst of xo x (5) and conduction of the solution was given as:[2] ???????????? ???????????? ? ??????? = , ?????? ?????? ? ??????? (6) where ???????????? is the initial conductivity of NaOH in the archetypical place adding ethyl acetate, ??????? s the conductivity by and by the reaction has reached boundary, and ?????? is the conductivity at each point of time during the reaction process. modify Equation 6 into Equation 5 gives the following: ???????????? ? ?????? ln (0. 2 ?????? ? ?????? ? + 0. 8) ? = kt. 0. 25xo (7) Since ???????????? , ???????????? and ??????? are constants, the solely variable in the left heap look of Equation 7 world ??????. Each ?????? point bottom be substituted into the left hand side of Equation 7 and maculationted against time to retrieve a linear plot with the angle macrocosmness the k value. To find the value of the pre-exponential factor, ???????????? and activation energy, ?????? , would require linearizing the Arrhenius equation given as: k = k o ?????? ????????????? , where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature the given k is at in degrees Kelvin. Equation 8 is linearized by fetching the natural log of some(prenominal) sides: ln(k) = ln(k o ) ? E . R T 1 ?????? ?????? (8) (9) to retrieve a linear plot with Equation 9 shows a linear relationship amidst ln(k) and 4 the y- stop being ln(???????????? ) and the hawk being ??????. Hence: k o = ey? intercept . ?????? = ?????????????????????????????? ? ?????? (10) (11) ??????Equipment, Materials, and Method The equipment used were a jacketed atomic pile reactor beaker, cooling peeing circulation system, computer, LabPro temperature probe and conductivity probe, mixing stand and magnetic stir bar. The materials used for this reaction were a 0. 08M NaOH solution and a 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution. A 20% excess ethyl radical acetate was used to look into NaOH was the control reactant. [1] NaOH was chosen for the limiting reactant because of its racy conductivity relative to Ethyl acetate. The extent of the reaction was monitored by measuring the conductivity throughout the reaction.With NaOH being the limiting reactant, the change in conductivity is more visible, and the terminati on of the reaction merchantman be more considerably observed. The each experimental trail was apparatus as shown in regards A1 and A2 of supplement A. The temperature and conductivity probes were completely submerged under the scratch of the reacting solution. genius info reading was retrieved per second. in the beginning the reaction process begun, the cooling water circulation system was set at want temperature and the reactants were cooled to the target temperature to keep an 5 isothermal reaction environment.In Equation 8, the k value was barely a function of temperature; if temperature varied throughout the reaction, the k value would in addition vary throughout the reaction. The reaction was started once thermal equilibrium between the batch reactor beaker and cooling water was established. For rough the first half a infinitesimal, alone the conductivity of NaOH in the reactor was collected, to ensure the initial conductivity in conductivity was more easily obse rved. The initial conductivity was the first conductivity point by and by the major drop of conductivity collect to the addition of ethyl acetate.The reaction was started by and by just about half a minute afterward the start of the entropy arrangement by adding the ethyl acetate. The solution was well(p) mixed throughout the reaction to ensure a uniform temperature of the solution, to prevent any local anaesthetic k value being unalike from the overall k value. If thither any temperature gradients throughout the system existed during the reaction process, in that respect would be different local k values throughout the reactor. selective information collection was terminated at least(prenominal) half a minute after the reaction had gone to completion, when no conductivity change was observed.The final reaction completion conductivity, ???????????? , was the conductivity of the solution after the reaction has completed, and was used to find k value. Hysteresis effects we re removed by using a random number generator to determine the order of trials. 6 Results and Discussion 1. 2 1. 1 1 0. 9 ln(k) 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 00335 0. 00337 0. 00339 0. 00341 1/T (T-1) y = -4378. 4x + 15. 713 R? = 0. 7383 0. 00343 1 0. 00345 0. 00347 grade 1 the plot of the linearized Arrhenius equation where ln(?????? ) ???????????? . ?????? The linearized Arrhenius equation plot shown in meet 1 has a R2 value of 0. 383 suggesting the data does non bind a good linear fit. The leave out of data points whitethorn keep up been the cause of the low R2 value. The ln(k) values of the corresponding temperature mostly seem to have small variations, unless overall has the predicted turn out of decreasing in ln(k) value as ?????? ?1 increases. The plot has a negative overall slide with and hence retrieving a negative E value. The negative E value suggests the dismissal of energy as the reaction proceeds. prorogue B1 in app curiosityix B shows the retrieved valu es of k, ko and E. The positive ko value was expected harmonise to Equation 8.Since k values are linearly proportional to ko, for k values to be positive, ko must also be positive. The resulting negative E value was an expected result, since the reaction was said to be very spontaneous. The standard errors of ko and E being about 20% to 25% of the original value, suggests the data as inexact. The imprecision of the data can also be observed from the low R2 value. 7 Looking at the imprecision of the plot in persona 1, there is a nonable difference between the k values at the same temperature for = 0. 003364 (24oC) and ?????? 1 1 ?????? = 0. 03455(16oC). This may be due to the variance in concentration of solutions since solutions were remade each laboratory day. Another affirmable cause maybe that the table of contents of solutions may have reacted with the melody introducing extra contents to the reaction. The k values all have standard errors less than 1%. Figures B1 to B5 o f Appendix B shows the plots of ???????????????????? ln( 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? 0. 25xo used to find the k values at each temperature. The plots all have a positive trend which is reasonable according to Equation 7.The resulting slope is the k value of that trial, and the k values cannot be negative. as well as the R2 values of the plots were all above 0. 95, suggesting a good fit with the linear crush fit line model. Despite the high R2 values, the a clear parabolical trend was observed in all the repose plots shown in Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, the linear attribute of the plots are questioned. Figure B15 of Appendix B shows an example plot of the full data from 16oC trail 1. A clear linear trend was observed from the beginning of the plot, but an obvious curve was observed from the end of the plot.This observation was probably due to the fact that as the reaction proceeded, the reaction started behaving like a first order reaction. The first order reaction behavior is because near the end of the reaction of the excess ethyl acetate concentration was much greater than the NaOH concentration and can be treat as a constant. With the concentration of ethyl acetate being constant the only resulting variable would be 8 the NaOH concentration. terminus and Recommendations The retrieved ko value and E value were 15 ± 0. 3 and ? 36402 ± 8191.Since the standard errors of ko and E values were about 20% and 25% of the original value respectively, and the R2 value was only 0. 7383 for the plot in Figure 1, the data is reason to be imprecise and that more data points should be collected to improve the precision. The assumption of the rate being second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant was reason out to be inappropriate. Though the R2 value for all the trials were above 0. 95, because a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the equalizer plots, Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, it was concluded th at all the trial data do not have a linear relationship.Since it has been concluded that the assumed rate equation, Equation 1, does not describe the reaction, a new rate equation is needed to describe the reaction. The low R2 value in Figure 1 can be improved by increasing the amount of data collected. more than trails can be done at each temperature and more temperatures can be tested within the given interval. One large bag solution can be made and used for all the trails, but stored and isolated from the atmosphere. The error caused by the variation in concentrations of the reactants at different trails can be solved by using the one large bulk of reactants.The problem of the reactants reacting with the atmosphere can be solved by isolating the reactants from the atmosphere during storage. 9 References [1] Crismyre, Bobby, Do, Bryan, and Kronmiller, Mandy. â€Å"Ethyl Acetate †NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Standard operate Procedures,” (2010) [2] Julio F. Mata -Segreda, Hydroxide as a popular Base in the Saponification of Ethyl Acetate. ledger of the American Chemical Society, (2010), 124 (10), 2259-2262. [3] Keusch Fachdidaktik Chemie. â€Å"Reaction sulphur Order,” Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitat Regensburg. [4] Schmidt, Larry D. â€Å"The Engineering of Chemical Reactions,” 2 Ed.Press, New York (2005) Oxford University 10 addition A: Experimental Set Up Figure A 1: Shows the conjectural setup and flow of each experiment. Figure A 2: Shows the actual set up used for each experiment. 11 APPENDIX B: Experimental Results and data Table B 1 shows the result of the desired information Set Temperature (oC) 16 ( running game 1) 16 ( outpouring 2) 18 ( exertion 1) 20 ( examination 1) 20 (Trial 2) 22 (Trial 1) 22 (Trial 2) 24 (Trial 1) 24 (Trial 2) ???????????? (??????? 1 ?????? ?1 ) ?????? ( ?????? ) ?????????????????? Actual Temperature (oC) 16. 45 ± 0. 05 16. 44 ± 0. 04 18. 33 ± 0. 03 20. 30 ± 0. 05 20. 30 ± 0. 5 22. 24 ± 0. 04 22. 25 ± 0. 05 16. 45 ± 0. 05 16. 45 ± 0. 05 15 ± 3 ? 36402 ± 8191 k-values (??????? 1 min? 1 ) 1. 674±0. 001 2. 023±0. 001 1. 921±0. 002 2. 241±0. 002 2. 247±0. 003 2. 244±0. 006 2. 169±0. 002 2. 572±0. 003 3. 140±0. 002 12 25 20 y = 2. 0232x R? = 0. 9994 15 Y (L/mol) y = 1. 6744x R? = 0. 9972 10 5 0 0 2 ln( 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? 4 6 prison term (min) 8 ln( 10 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? 12 Figuer B 1 maculation of ???????????????????? 0. 25xo at 16 degrees Celsius, where ?????? = 0. 25xo . 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 -2 ln( 1 ???????????? ???????? +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? y = 1. 9206x R? = 0. 9974 Series1 linear (Series1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 2 Plot of ???????????????????? 0. 25xo at 18 degrees Celsius, where ?????? = ln( 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? 0. 25xo . 13 25 y = 2. 247x R? = 0. 9964 y = 2. 2407x R? = 0. 9982 Y (L/mol ) 15 Trial 1 Trial 2 10 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 5 20 0 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? 8 10 12 Figuer B 3 Plot of ???????????????????? ln( 0. 25xo at 20 degrees Celsius, where ?????? = ln( 0. 25xo . 0 18 16 14 Y (L/mol) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 Time (min) 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? y = 2. 244x R? = 0. 9909 y = 2. 1687x R? = 0. 9985 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 6 8 10 Figuer B 4 Plot of ???????????????????? ln( 0. 25xo at 22 degrees Celsius, where ?????? = ln( 0. 25xo . 14 25 20 y = 2. 5723x R? = 0. 9982 15 Y (L/mol) y = 3. 1405x R? = 0. 9992 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 5 Plot of ???????????????????? ln( 1 ???????????? ???????? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? . 25xo at 24 degrees Celsius, where ?????? = ln( 1 ???????????? ??????? ? ( +1)) 1. 25 ?????????????? 0. 25xo . X covariant 1 equalizer Plot 0. 8 0. 6 residuums 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 X variant 1 8 10 12 Figure B 6 The balance wheel plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 15 X versatile 1 symmetricalness Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X shifting 1 Figure B 7 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X versatile 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X changeable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 8 The residual plot for 18 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X variable quantity 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 0 -0. 4 -0. 6 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 9 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 16 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 -1 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 10 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X Variable 1 Figure B 11 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Variable 1 Figure B 12 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 12 7 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 13 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 14 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 2. 140 120 100 Y (L/mol) 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (min) Figure B 15 The plot of all the data from 16oC trail 2 18 APPENDIX C: warning Calculations playscript of 1M NaOH solution needed to coordinate 300mL 0. 08M NaOH solution: 0. 3?????? ? 0. 08?????? = 0. 024?????? = 24????????????? ?????? Volume of ethyl acetate needed to uprise a 300mL 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution: 1000???????????? 88. 105?????? ???????????? 3 0. 001?????? 0. 10?????? ? ? ? ? ? 0. 3 = 2. 96? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????????? 0. 897?????? ???????????? 3 finding E value: ?????? ?????????????????? Calculating the k value for time being 1 minute in trial 2 of 16 degrees: ?????? = ?????????????????????????????? ? ?????? = ? 2904. 9 ? 8. 3145 = ? 24153 1 ???????????? ? ??????? ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 ?????? ? ??????? 0. 25xo 1 16324. 71 ? 4698. 16 ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 8259. 03 ? 4698. 16 0. 25(0. 8) = kt = = 14. 89 19APPENDIX D: fault Analysis If the result (R) is compute by the following equation: ?????? = ? ???????????? ?????? where ???????????? is the exponent of the self-sustaining variable, ???????????? . The standard error would be calculated by the following equation: 2 2 ???????????? ???????????? = ?????? (? ( ?????????????????? ) ) ???????????? 1 ?????? (1) (2) where????????????? is taken from equation 5, ?????????????????? is the standard error of each exclusive independent variable. Since the equation used is the following: ???????????? ? ?????? ln (0. 8 ( ?????? ? ?????? ? + 1)) ? 0. 25???????????? = ???????????? , 3) where ?????? is the rate constant, ???????????? is the initial conductivity, ??????? is the conductivity at the end of the reaction, ?????? is the conductivity at any time, and ???????????? is the initial concentration of the NaOH solution. The error of the right hand side of equation 3 with ???????????? = 36. 662 is show as the follow: 36. 662 (( 0. 0339 ) ) = 15. 536. 0. 08 1 2 2 ???????????? was given the value of 0. 08?????? with an misgiving of ±0. 0339??????. The reaction rate constant, k, were found by the stovepipe fit line of the plot, so the uncertainty of the k were found by taking the linear regression.The rate constant was the slope of the best fit line qualification the calculation of the error with a 95% confidence take aim as: ?????????????????????????????? = 1. 96 ? ???????????? ,?????? v? ???????????? 2 ? ????????????? 2 Where ???????????? ,?????? is the standard error of estimate, ???????????? is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and ???????????? = ? ??????? ???????????? ?????? =1 ?????? , (4) . As for the y intercept, or the activation energy, the error with a 95% confidence level would be: 20 ?????????????????????????????? = 1. 96 ? ???????????? ,?????? v??????? 1 (? ??????????? )2 + 2 , ?????? (? ???????????? 2 ? ????????????? 2 ) (5) Where ???????????? ,?????? is the standard error of estimate, ???????????? is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and ???????????? = ? ??????? ???????????? ?????? =1 ?????? . The standard error of estimate, ???????????? ,?????? , seen in both equation 4 and equation 5 is given as: ???????????? ,?????? =v ? (???????????? ? ???????????? )2 , ?????? ? 2 (6) where ???????????? is the y value of the points, ???????????? is the corresponding y value on the best fit line, and n is the number of data points.\r\n'

'Cold War in the period 1945-53 Essay\r'

'â€Å"More a result of mutual error than of expansionist policies by all the U.S.A or the U.S.S.R.” plow this escort of the out break of the iciness War in the period 1945-53.\r\nThis view of the eruption of the Cold War in 1945-53 refutes the extremism of the orthodox and revisionist views, attesting a middle scope of â€Å"mutual understanding” that avoids appropriating blame to the policies of either superpower. However, the issue is less dichotomous than the possibleness allows for. To call the Soviet Union’s foreign policy â€Å"expansionist” indicates that it has been see as much(prenominal), and is therefore subject to a possible misunderstand of their motives for doing so.\r\nFor example, Melvyn Leffler stresses the â€Å"reasonable standard” when judging American and Soviet struggleranter demands, emphasizing that especially in the exercise of the Soviet Union, security was very oftentimes a reasonable imperative accustome d their historical experience with invasions from contiguous states. In this case, Soviet policy may be defended as security- incite, but was perceived by the U.S. as expansionist, based on the misconstrue that the Soviet Union was entirely motivated by ideology.\r\nConversely, Marc Thachtenberg defends the American point of view, argument that Leffler’s interpretation understates the reality of Soviet threat, therefore justifying an increased American political and economic presence in world(a) geopolitics (e.g. the marshall Plan, 1947). Therefore, the Sovietization of Eastern atomic number 63 and the Americanization of the Hesperian Bloc ( some(prenominal) perceived as expansionist policies by the an other(prenominal)) could be said to attain arisen from mutual misunderstanding of each other’s motives.\r\nThe period 1945-53 was replete with examples of both Soviet and American expansionism. Even as early as February 1945, Stalin had already do it clear at Yalt a that territorial expansionism was to be one of his imperatives. By 1948, fully communist government presided over the states of Eastern Europe and the Berlin blockade of Soviet design on West Germany.\r\nA similar listing was demonstrated in joker, Northern Iran and Korea. bandage the Soviet incursions into Iran have been defended as a desire only to control its rock oil fields (an objective also dual-lane by the West) and pressure on Turkey may have been viewed as a matter of security. Robert Jevis points out that if either of these probes had succeeded, win Soviet gains would have been likely, a devotion that Stalin would hardly have missed. This suggests that Stalin’s advent to expansionism was opportunist rather than inexorably purposeful. In other words, he was driven by realpolitik rather than ideology.\r\nHowever, Nigel Gould-Davies insist that Stalin was â€Å"immersed in ideology”, citing the congruence of Stalin’s divinatory work, Economic P roblems of Socialism, with the premises that Marx’s followup of the Gotha Program. Further, in the case of Korea, while westerly leaders and many later scholars, such as Alexander George; construe the pom-pom on South Korea as distinguish of Soviet expansionism. Recent evidence presented by Kathryn Weathersby contends that Stalin authorized the invasion solely because he was mistakenly convinced that the U.S.A would resist.\r\nThe diversity of sagaciousness demonstrates how easily a superpower’s policies could be misconstrued depending on how motives were perceived. In the U.S, convey to the ominous views of Soviet leadership espoused by George Kennan, leaders were increasingly convinced of Stalin’s desire for world revolution, and inaccurately equated Soviet expansionism with this goal without considering, for example, Soviet security needs.\r\nEqually, agreement in the U.S Administration was mirrored on the Soviet side. Stalin understandably perceived t he Marshall Plan as a â€Å" strident American device” for gaining control of occidental and (if not worse) Eastern Europe. Concerning Korea, Anotaly Dobrynin asserts that by the 1950s, Stalin â€Å" sawing machine U.S. plans and deeds as preparations for an all out war of unprovoked aggression against the Soviet Union.” The rollback policy did little to assuage this fear, and raze thought its pursuit by global MacArthur proved to be an unfortunate deflection from the Truman Administration policy, the Soviets had already been convinced of American expansionism.\r\nIt can be seen again, therefore, that mutual misunderstanding on both sides led to perceptions of the other’s policies as being expansionist, which in turn, sowed the distrust and reason from retaliatory action that set the Cold War in motion. In conclusion, barring other factors, the outbreak of the Cold War in 1945-53 was much a result of mutual misunderstanding than of expansionist policies b y either superpower.\r\n'

'Brief Analsysis of Obama’s Change Campaign\r'

'After the race endured an unsettling dickens terms with President George W. Bush, it’s commonwealth were left with a bitter taste, so to speak. As a nation, we yearned for freshly talk and needed â€Å" trade”. Change was to be the underlying foundation for the 2008 Presidential option turn ons, which created quite a nation-wide stir as a record number of voters do it to the polls. This was the very beginning of a nation-wide policy-making change, which is patently more than just acquit propaganda, but is evident now by means of current bare-ass reforms.\r\nIn 2008, Barack Obama plight to redefine our nation’s semipolitical point of reference through an effective campaign based on the philosophy of â€Å"change we whoremaster believe in” development the slogan â€Å"yes we can”. Obama hoped for a new attitude in politics, education, health care, and hostile policy among numerous other issues. A promise to cut taxes for 95% of wo rkings American families with an annual income less than $250,000 along with significant tax breaks to companies that invest in the United States were some of the aspects of his campaign.\r\nIn addition, this sit for change promised to create 2 gazillion new jobs to renovate the country’s infrastructure and 5 million new postcode jobs. Obama’s campaign emphasised withdrawing troops from Iraq to end the war, increasing energy independence (New Energy Plan for America) and diminish the influence of lobbyists and how business is conducted on neat Hill. This new â€Å"national political character” would work to ensure that business conducted on uppercase Hill between coition was to have the best interest of the American people in mind as opposed to personal political agendas.\r\nThese plans for change created a buzz among the American people. The newly configured 112th relative, the current meeting of our nation’s legislative branch concedes that a ll(prenominal) these issues are top national priorities as well and have been quite antiphonal in effective ways to trade the issues with the President. Though this is the first Congress in which the House and Senate have opposing majorities since the 107th Congress (2001-2003), implementing change through these agendas seems quite viable.\r\nThis is evident through the new Health armorial bearing Reform that was recently implemented and depicts and shows this political hype of â€Å"change” to be an open buzzword, but to also have gist and depth with Obama’s current term. With the war paint of the House of Representatives favoring republicans (242 Republicans to 193 Democrats) and the new Senate Democratic leading (51 Democrats, 47 Republicans, and 2 Independents) one may worry that legislative actions on Capital Hill could face potential â€Å" cul de sac”, especially since the House has the largest number of Republican members since the 80th Congress of 1947-1949.\r\nBut having a Democratic President and a mainly Republican Congress means that compromises well-nigh likely will have to be met in order to pass bills and legislations, and effectively and efficiently implement this â€Å"change we can believe in” and show the nation, â€Å"yes we can. ”\r\n'

'Book of Exodus Essay\r'

'Birth opposes ar basic anyy st 1s with supernumerary shapes or colors employ for hospital protecting off diseases or misfortunes and as facilitators to organism about the user’s wishes (Dunwich, 2003). These stones are usu every(prenominal)y associated with the daytime or sentence or month etc. a person is born, indeed the name. The use of much(prenominal) stones has been a part of many religions in take issueent move of the beingness, and in the advance(a) day too finds many followers. The intent of this paper is to give a fib of the use of stones as symbolic references, and stick with their usage as alliancestones.\r\nStones as Symbols Stones are the foundation of human civilization. The body of primer coat comprises of stones of various shapes and sizes, and people from ancient orbit considered stones as the most stable of all elements, because of its capacity to remain steady. hence, stones came to be associated with permanency by people from ancie nt cultures, who gave them particular importance as sacred symbols (Tresidder, 2005). nearly of the cultures level today follow the work out of worshipping stones which adopt a particular(prenominal) shape.\r\nIn general, all the ancient cultures stones held a special symbolic grade. Tresidder (2005) gives some examples like, the individual stand stones of specific shapes being worshipped, sacrificial stone axes or knives in the Neolithic age, and employ stones to mark sacred places or feat like altars etc. In funeral sacrament stones were utilise, as in like manner by authorized(a) religion in the modern world for symbolizing eternal life. In adjunct to the above examples Tresidder (2005) also conjures that the stones having specific shapes, sizes and colors were also utilise as amulets.\r\n many an separate(prenominal) people used to suppose that these stones baffle the wearer good luck, while others used them to ward off certain mishaps. Many theorists believe that this was the origin of birthstones as we know today. Gemstones Schumann (1993) says that stones have been known to men for more than 7000 years. The earliest gemstones belonging to the unprecedented category were the amethyst, garnet, amber, strumpet, emerald, turquoise, lapis lazuli etc. Possession of these stones was considered to be a status symbol among the royal and other wealthy people.\r\nHence, these stones came to be associated with billet in addition to being used as amulets and talismans. These stones depending on their history were used to swear health or bring pilotage people safely and mainly to ward off evil. As time passed on, special stones started to have specific importation base on various myths, legends and symbolic meaning attached to them. (Dunwich, 2003). Schumann (1993) also says that people used these stones as remedies in powdered system as remedies or were placed in contact with the body, a practice followed plane today.\r\nGemstones ar e usually categorized as of cunning and semi-precious type. (Schumann, 1993) says that in olden clock in truth few stones were designated as precious stones based on their rarity and beauty. In modern times this number has increase multifold. The semi-precious stones were the stones which were less valuable and not very hard. These stones even today are used to denote the stones which are of lesser value than the precious stones, though the difference mingled with them is not very clear.\r\nIn yield times the quality of stone and at times even their occurrence i. e. subjective or synthetic, decides whether a stone is of the precious or semiprecious type. Gemstones associated with Zodiac The association of gemstone with the zodiac was not just associated with a hit race or religion in ancient times. Many cultures had similar beliefs. go-cart (2002) says that, since ancient times Christians and Jews related certain stones as to the dozen tribes or Israel and to the dozen apos tles. Ancient Judaic caba diagnoses believed that the stones each one having an anagrm of the name of the God had mystical power all everywhere the xii angels.\r\nThis is given by handcart (2002 ) in his book as follows: ruby oer Malchediel, topaz over Asmodel, carbuncle over Ambriel, emerald over Muriel, sapphire over Hercel, diamond over Humatiel, jacinth over Zuriel, agate over Barbiel, amethyst over Adnachiel, beryl over Humiel, and jasper over Barchiel. In addition to this, gemstones were also related to the twelve months of the year, twelve parts of the human body, the twelve hierarchies of the devil etc (Walker, 2002). severally sign of the zodiac was associated with a stone and assisted it in exerting its influence over men.\r\nThe gemstones hence started as being allocated as to the signs of the Zodiac and from these birthstones and month-stones started to emerge. In addition to this the gemstones were also related to medicines. For antecedent jade was say to be p rimitively applied by the Spanish conquerors as a cure for kidney ailments. The stone was referred to as pie-dras de yjada or the stones of the side i. e. the kidney stones. From the yjada the name jade came (Walker 2002). However Gleadow (2001) says that, while the ancient cultures associated stones as being related to zodiac the wearing of birthstones was not very common in those times.\r\nHe refers to George Kunz who suggested that this practice arose in Poland in the eighteenth century among the Jewish population on that point. Walker (2002) also has a similar idea who mentions that the Jews of Poland related a gemstone to the birth month of the wearer. This was because of their interest in the signifi firece of the original twelve stones in the knocker of the Jewish High Priest. The above Jewish practice can be traced back off to biblical times, specifically to the breastplate of Aaron (Dunwich, 2003), who was a Hebrew High Priest and a brother of Moses.\r\nThis breastplate is known as the Breastplate of High Priest and is said to be the oldest amulets known to man. Dunwich (2003) says that according to tidings this breastplate was do of the following gemstones: sardius, topaz, carbuncle, emerald, sapphire, diamond, ligure, agate, amethyst, beryl, onyx, and jasper. These twelve stones, as mentioned earlier used to stand for the twelve tribes of Israel, the twelve months of the year and the twelve signs of the zodiac. Gleadow (2001) says that the most common list of birthstones can be derived from the record of Revelation, beginning with St.\r\nPeter, random-access memory and the month of March and assuming the Jasper of that month to be red. However, there were many changes made to this list and the list available by different religions or different countries differ a lot and tend to disagree. Also, there is no possibility to get an genuine list because there was no such list to begin with and also the hassle in recognizing the various gemston es. Gleadow (2001) gives examples for this in his book. He says that the Authorized Version has the reversed ordering of third and fourth stones in the Book of Exodus.\r\nThe topazion is said to be a unripe stone, which means that it cannot be the modern day topaz. In addition, the association of the Apostles with the twelve station also leads to confusion as all the Gospels do not mention the name of the Apostles in the same order. The list is hence different for people in different countries though it holds similar meanings and significances. Hence the lists are different for ancient Jews, Romans, Arabians, Poles, Russians and Italians, even though the source for all these is same.\r\n'

'Aims Of Guidance And Counselling Essay\r'

'The aims of the guidance and counselling dish out are similar to the purposes of education in generalâ€to assist the student in fulfilling her basic physiological require, understanding herself and toleration of others, developing associations with peers, balancing between leeway and controls in the educational setting, realizing successful achievement, and providing opportunities to strike independence. The purposes of guidance and counselling provide tension and strength to the educational political platform. Some specialised aims of the school guidance and counselling program include the following (Gibson, 2009):\r\nTo Provide for the acknowledgement of Student Potentialities\r\nTo all students, the school offers a wide choice of courses and co-curricular activities. A meaning(a) function of education is to help students hear and develop their potentialities. The counsellor’s function is to assist students to distribute their energies into the many discipli ne opportunities available to them. Every student needs help in planning his major(ip) course of study and pattern of co-curricular activities.\r\nTo care Children with Developing Problems\r\nEven those students who have chosen an appropriate educational program for themselves may have problems that require help. A teacher may need to spend from fifth to one-third of his time with a hardly a(prenominal) pupils who require a great extend of help, which deprives the rest of the class from the teacher’s full attention to their needs. The counsellor, by percentage these youngsters to resolve their difficulties, frees the classroom teacher to mapping his time more efficiently.\r\nTo Contribute to the organic evolution of the School’s Curriculum Counsellors, in working with individual students, know their ain problems and aspirations, their talents and abilities, as well as the brotherly pressures confronting them. Counsellors, therefore, can provide data that ex ercise as a basis for course of study learning, and they can help curriculum developers name courses of study that more accurately reflect the needs of students. Too often, counsellors are non included in curriculum development efforts.\r\n'

'Margaret Newman\r'

'For someone like Marg atomic number 18t parvenueman, breast feeding was non besides a become except a to a greater extent of a calling. She k natural, long before she stepped into formal c ar for reproduction, that treat would become her vivification’s fulfillment. Prior to attaining formal treat education, she became the primal caregiver to her mformer(a) who was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  Dr. Newman took up a layer on nursing at the University of Tennessee, Memphis.In her stay in the University, she was intrigued with the compassionate experience and the complexity of health and dis put in. This challenged her to great heights in intellectual ability and fueled her more to reach for high takes of education. After attaining a item in breast feeding, she then pursued a alum level degree and majored in health check-surgical nursing at the University of California, San Francisco. In her studies in California, she was recognise wit h a master’s degree in 1964. Before she resumed her graduate studies, she conjointly served as the director of nursing in a clinical research concenter and also contributed in the academe as the assistant professor of nursing at the University of Tennessee.For the next ten years, Margaret Newman furthered her search for intimacy by pursuing further claim in the graduate level and winning a doctorate level at 1971 (Margaret Newman: A Nurse Theorist). She also taught from 1971 to 1977 at New York University. In 1977, she was ap ap shoot downed as the professor-in-charge of the graduate study for Nursing at Penn State. In addition, she assumed a horizon as a nurse theoriser at the University of atomic number 25 in 1984. It was wholly in 1996 that she finally passed the torch and retired from education say-so nurses.Dr. Margaret Newman has been honored as an majuscule alumnus by both the University of Tennessee and New York University and in addition, Dr. Newman i s a Fellow in the Ameri domiciliate Academy of Nursing. For her unrelenting pursuit for furthering the nursing profession, the Distinguished Scholar in Nursing Award from New York University was bestowed upon her. More everyplace, she was awarded the E. Louise establish Award for Nursing Excellence from the University of Minnesota and the Founders Award for Excellence in Nursing Research from Sigma Theta Tau international.Dr. Newman has been included in Who’s Who in American Women since 1983 and was appointed to Who’s Who in America in 1996. Lastly, the Zeta Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau International established a scholarship course named aptly for Margaret Newman, the Margaret Newman Scholar award to strengthener doctoral students whose research contributes to Dr. Newman’s theories (Professional annals of Margaret Newman).The Health as Expanding Consciousness (HEC) scheme arose from the concern for people facing the debilitation, uncertainty, button or even loss of life associated with chronic malady, which Nurses relate to. Moreover, HEC has emerged from a nursing paradigm based on threesome elements particularly a unitary or dynamic cypher, pattern that determines or identifies the exclusive and transformative unfolding as the go of transmute (Health as Expanding Consciousness).The possible action assumes that every individual regardless of turnover is part of the common exercise of expanding awareness †a run of becoming more of oneself and of reaching novel dimensions of being intertwined with other people.  HEC incorporates unhealthiness as pattern of the whole and assumes that health is not separate from illness as compared to exist medical models. Nurses who utilize this kind of rule or mindset experience the how it is to record in the expanding process enhancing lives and transforming them (Overview of the Theory).During her research, Dr. Newman observed that affected roles that were thrott le in hospitals described time as dragging. This was confirmed by extant studies that indicated the degree of physical mobility as well as state of health was related to the perceptual experience of time quite an than a more focused attention to ones health. on that point are four concepts, particularly drop deadment, space, time and instinct that supply an ample framework to view health. However Newman placed more charge and attention on mind, describing it as spread out consciousness (Engle, 1983).HEC is based on some(prenominal) brisk theories that will be concisely explained the succeeding paragraphs. HEC stems from Rogers’ theory of unitary gracious beings. His human pattering assumptions and how they interact with the milieu are the essential building blocks to the perspective that consciousness is a manifestation of an evolving pattern of interactions amongst a person and the environment.Consciousness not only encapsulates cognitive and affective aware ness that is unremarkably associated with it but also how the entire life story system is interconnected with each other that can include physiochemical maintenance and harvest-time processes as well as the resistant system.  Roger’s assertion that health and illness are related and are obviously the manifestations of rhythmic sports in life process is essentially the building block for perceive health and illness as a unitary process  pitiable with variations in order and disorder.With this in mind, a medical practitioner can no longer see health and illness in the dichotomous manner as prescribed by medical science, tho health in the absence of disease or health as a continuum from illness to wellness.  Both the evolving pattern of consciousness and Health are the same.In order to effectively utilize this theory, one has to effectively channelize his/her paradigm in dealing with patients/people. In order to see health as the pattern of the whole, one shou ld understand that disease is not a separate entity but rather it is a manifestation of interactions amidst the person and the environment. The paradigm shift is moving away from merely treating symptoms but rather searching for patterns and from viewing disease as negative and taking them as a part of the self-organizing process that would lead to a much higher state of consciousness.One of the theories funding HEC is David Bohm’s theory of candor as undivided wholeness.  Bohm’s theory of reality states that disease is considered a manifestation of a whole of an underlying pattern and should be seen as a separate entity.  HEC is a health and medical perspective that requires a non-pragmatic worldview. Wellness and illness are scarcely different points in a single stick of reality. Unless seen in a fragmentary point of view, they cannot and should not be set-apart from the whole.Another supporting theory is that of Both Gregory Bateson (1979) and Arthur sc hoolboyish (1976) that emphasized the job of learning how things work in a nurse-patient atmosphere, determine the new rules of engagement and medical assistance and to journey on to a new level of being and understanding in this medical field/profession. It is the crux of situations in which nursing can assist people in their search for understanding of the evolving pattern of their lives.  The nurse-client affinity facilitates this kind of work shift and discovery.People continually move through periods of consciousness involving the loss of exemption in the development of self-identity until the maximum point of discovery or transformation is reached.  In this case, the things, methods or ideas that had previously been accepted adopt’t work anymore. The task straightaway is to learn the new rules, which the patient is enclosed.  There is a realization then of a person’s self-limitation prior to the transformation that makes it possible for one to go beyond in expanding his/her own consciousness.Lastly, Ilya Prigogine’s theory of change is one of the supporting theories in accordance to HEC. The theory of change asserts that naturally occurring fluctuations of deterministic processes work together with fortune events to usher in a big fluctuation that can actually farce the system into another level of make-up and functionality. Disorder is resisted by the structure as it places a strain on the existing structure. The action induced at the fluctuation’s vital point has the potential to drive into several and varying directions, and it is unthinkable to identify its path.  It is at some point a single direction takes over the system and a new order is established with new rules created and applied upon.This occurring work through stages of disruption, ambiguity and disorganization is do easier and possible by the presence of a caring other.  Extant research has move to impress on the importance of a nurse’s role to tinct a supportive role and fusion with the patient in order for the process expanding consciousness to unfurl (Newman, M.).By considering dealing with patients victimisation the HEC framework, although there is a considerable fortuity for nurse-patient affinity, it is more likely that treating patients with HEC the underlying diseases touch the patients can easily be determined. By identifying a patient’s pattern, we can then identify the pattern of the environment upon which the patient is interconnected because the pattern of the patient reflects the pattern of the environment. This evolving pattern of order and disorder includes patterns that can be identified as health and disease (Exemplars).References:Newman, M. Overview of the Theory. Retrieved February 19, 2007, from http://www.healthasexpandingconsciousness.org/overview/overview.html. Newman, M. Health as Expanding Consciousness. Retrieved February 19, 2007. from http://www.healthase xpandingconsciousness.org/. Professional biography of Margaret Newman. Retrieved February 19, 2007, from Newman, M. Health as Expanding Consciousness (PowerPoint Presentation). University of Minnesota. Newman, M. Exemplars. Retrieved February 20, 2007. From http://www.healthasexpandingconsciousness.org/exemplars/exemplars.html University of Tennessee Health Sciences Library and Biocommunications Center. Margaret Newman: A Nurse Theorist. Retrieved February 20, 2007. From http://library.utmem.edu/exhibits/newman/ Engle, V.F. (1983). Conceptual models of nursing: epitome and application. Newmans model of health. In: J. Fitzpatrick & A. Whall (Eds.). 263-73.\r\n'

'Bush V. Gore\r'

'Josh Hanlon January 11th, 2013 CLN4U-01 Mr. Currie police force Research Essay Bush vs. Gore: why The Votes Should Have Been Counted Bush vs. Gore was described as a contr oversial election to say the least. The votes in several Florida counties were put up into question as to whether they should be counted or non. In a parliamentary Election each(prenominal) legal votes must be counted. The main reasons around this issue were word 2, section 1 of the record, the interpretation of the decent security measure clause and mental confusion around ballot deadlines during the Recount. This growth was exacerbated by the neglect of impartial rightices and secretary of introduce.The initial argument surrounding this issue is Article 2, element 1 of the administration. Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution states, â€Å"In presidential elections, each produce shall appoint, in much(prenominal) manner as the legislature in that respectof whitethorn direct, the electo rs to which the State is entit guide. ” That being said 3 justices, Rehnquist, Scalia, and doubting Thomas all argued that Florida violated this; there argument hardened a lot of emphasis on the password â€Å"legislature”. Meaning to say that there is a difference between the State, who is empowered to appoint its testify electors and that own State’s legislature.Furthermore, this Article of the Constitution is wholly out of the Supreme coquette’s jurisdiction in the circumstances. The Supreme cost should perplex nonhing to do with matters of state law in between the State and their own Legislature. Also, the Florida Supreme Court held that â€Å"a legal vote may implicate any ballot from which it is reasonably possible to locate the clean intent of the voter, whether or not the ‘chad’ had been completely cowmaned through, which is consistent with the law of the clear majority of the States”.Chief legal expert Rehnquist i n his opinion argued that this interpretation was so nonsense(a) and not mirrored with Florida legislation, that it violated Article 2. He claimed that because most counties use jab cards that grade you to clearly punch your ballot no sound person could count a vote that wasn’t clearly punched all the way through. (Geoffrey R. St wiz and only(a), Equal tax shelter? )The Florida Election Code states that â€Å"no vote shall be decl ared invalid if there is a clear indication of the intent of the voter”, also a 60 year old Florida Law causality states that â€Å"must give statutes relating to elections a construction in favor of the citizen’s right to vote, and the intention of the voters should take to the woods when count ballots” (Constitution of the State of Florida, As Revised in 1968) later on hearing this, the different 6 Justices reason out that the Florida Supreme Court decision was in hanker established precedent and said it didnâ₠¬â„¢t unconstipated raise a question under Article 2 of the Constitution.In simplisticr terms, stating that all of those votes were legal and that the receiveds set were competent to determine which votes should and should not be counted. Onto the Equal security measures clause, the Supreme Court basically contradicts themselves on this matter. After stating the ballot ens international ampereles set by the Florida Supreme Court didn’t violate Article 2, they continued on to state that it violates the Equal security clause because â€Å"the modulars for accept or rejecting contested ballots might vary not only from county to county but even within a single county” (Geoffrey R.Stone, Equal Protection? ). What is startling is that the Florida Constitution states, â€Å"The intention of the voters should prevail when counting ballots” meaning that if there is any intention the vote should be counted, and if this wasn’t precise enough for the Suprem e Court why did they vote to uphold it on the Article 2, Section 1 vote? If the Supreme Court requisite a uniform standard for counting and tattle votes in Florida, why does it not need a uniform standard for voter turnout?Is the fact that punch card voting has a sufficiently high happening of having your vote not counted compared to computer voting where there is a bare minimum chance of your votes not being counted violating the Equal Protection Clause as well? Or is it the fact that punch card counties are more commonly in low income counties, who tend to vote Republican (Al Gore)? on the full-page of these things ould be seen as discriminatory or â€Å"not equal” as well as the non-uniform standard for counting, but if the Supreme Court has decided that the distinguish standard is in violation then in thought the whole Election should be rendered â€Å"unconstitutional” and put to an end, correct? To continue, no it should not be put to an end. The Supreme C ourt should have arranged a stay on the Recount until a uniform standard was put in luff for all of the Florida Counties and they should have ordered that every state have a uniform standard for Recounts for forthcoming elections.The Supreme Court made a hardheaded but Unlawful decision in voting for the violation of the Equal Protection Clause which take to the stoppage of the 2000 Florida Recount. (Bo Li, Perspectives, Vol. 2, No. 3). This goes without mentioning the fact that Bush’s state of Texas had a uniform voting standard which allowed anything to be counted in the scenario of a recount including a dimpled chad. This means that Governor Bush subscribe in a bill that let any vote with slight intent be counted in the process of a Recount, yet is arguing that intent of a voter is an unconstitutional argument.This is hypocritical and shows a lack of character, if Bush truly believes in the Constitution he should be letting all the legal votes be counted to see if he actually won the establishment of the United States. If Bush truly cared about the simple uniform standards for Recounting, he should have ordered for a stay until uniform standards were set in place. sooner he argued the entire Recount unconstitutional and the 5-4 majority (5 Republican Judges-4 republican Judges) decided that there was no reason to Recount possibly legal votes when it had a chance of harming Bush’s chance to come Prime Minister.Legal analysts from all over the Country explained it as the Justices trying to make a pragmatic decision by putting an end to this controversy, turns out it backfired on them. (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? ) The third point to be explained in this case is the ongoing controversy over voting deadlines and how the ever so bright escritoire of State in Florida Katherine Harris’ thoughts were constantly being controlled by Bush advisors. Katherine Harris (and Friends) made it very clear that they would ot be accepti ng votes after a certain deadline, which leave no time for the original recount. All these votes had to be stamped and signed to be considered legal votes. This left the Democratic Party frantically trying to recount votes and birth them stamped and in on time. When she ruled that if votes were not stamped and signed they could not be veritable, the Democratic Party argued that hemorrhoid of Military votes could not be counted because they were very rarely stamped and signed. In the US there is no voting law that states Military Votes can be accepted with no signature or stamp.This obviously led to an uproar from Republicans (Who most military votes get casted for) because it was just unethical for the Democrats to take away illegal votes for the Republicans. What the Republicans take apart to realize is that taking away Florida citizens legal votes because you are scared of losing is also unethical. The Democrats later changed their minds and told the Secretary to view the Mi litary votes and give them special consideration. (Joseph I. Lieberman, Military Ballots merit a Review)There are a few other factors I would like to add to perspective originally closing my argument, in Florida the Republican swayed Secretary of State Katherine Harris put 20 Thousand people on the Voter Purge list. A Large congregation of these people had never done anything wrong, in detail an African-American Pastor could not vote because his represent was similar to that of a hardened criminal in Florida (HBO Documentary, Recount). The most interesting fact of all was that the 3 Judges who voted for Bush in both instances (Rehnquist, Scalia, Thomas) were all considered Republican judges.In the last 30 years at the Supreme Court the 19 Cases involving the Equal Protection Clause concerning laws against race, elderly, and other minorities they voted a perfect 19 for 19 to uphold the Equal Protection Clause. Yet, the one case involving Politics and the party they are associate d with they for around strange reason voted against it with very little reasoning. (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? ) If that’s not Politics in Black Robes, what is. In Conclusion, Legal votes in Florida were not counted when they should have een. The various ideas such as the seemly vote in Article 2, Section 1, the contradiction and unlawful voting on the Equal Protection Clause and the confusing deadlines regarding votes were all examples of how things can be exacerbated by impartial Judges and Secretary of States. The votes in Florida should have been recounted after a uniform standard was put in place similar to the one in Texas and the real results of the 2000 Election should have been deciphered.All else aside, the whole United States should have a uniform voting, counting and recounting standard to eliminate all this confusion in the future. Bibliography http://www. leg. state. fl. us/statutes/index. cfm? mode=constitution&submenu=3 http://www. nytimes. co m/2000/11/20/us/counting-vote-absentee-ballots-military-ballots-merit-review-lieberman-says. html? pagewanted=all&src=pm http://fathom. lib. uchicago. edu/1/777777122240/ http://www. oycf. org/Perspectives2/9_123100/bush_v1. htm HBO Documentary, Recount\r\n'

'Creativity or Conformity? Building Cultures of Creativity in Higher Education Essay\r'

'Permission is granted to reproduce copies of these movements for purposes relevant to the above conference, provided that the agent(s), source and copyright notice be admitd on each copy. For other purposes, including drawn-out quotation, please contact the author(s). Abstract Whatever else it whitethorn be, creativity is intriguing; this view appears to be dual-lane by the literature on the subject and by popular culture. While there is little symmetricalness about the exact nature, does and harvestings of creativity, there seems to be a fascination both with its complexity and the sheer impossibleness of providing clear explanations for it.\r\nThis topic does not attempt to give in that another explanation, but instead offers a framework for exploring creativity in the context of teach and teacher sketch. The nature of creativity in article of belief is usually evidenced by its products: innovative course of instruction design or original students’ work . The focus of this paper, however, is on developing opportunities for teachers to understand, explore and express their identities as inventive practiti chtype Aionrs.\r\nThese opportunities atomic number 18 offered in the form of â€Å" notional blame”, a framework of originative methodologies for engaging teachers one afterward another and bodiedly in identifying and expanding their creativity entrusts. The notion of inventive saying challenges the action- smoothenion factor dichotomy of reflective practice and extends reflection beyond cognitive, retrospective models to encompass the exploration of chess opening through play, image-making, write, action methods and storytelling.\r\nThe paper offers examples of and reflections on these methods from the author’s use of productive methodologies in a teacher education course of study at poof’s University Belfast. Creative Reflection, Creative Practice: Expressing the indefinable The sentiment and practices of creative reflection catch been positive in a teacher education broadcast at Queen’s University Belfast to invoke the model of reflective practice on which the programme is based. Creative reflection is a framework of creative methodologies whereby teachers explore their practice and the liminal spaces between action and reflection.\r\nThis work is a response to the necessity in teacher education for â€Å"the increment of more complex models of reflection, think to purpose, which take greater cognisance of existing experience from other disciplines, particularly those faces of psychology concerned with cognitive processes including problem-finding, insight, wisdom, creativity” Leitch and Day (2000: 186-187). Creativity itself is an elusive concept; the literature on the subject incorporates a wander of perspectives and dichotomies, raising a number of questions.\r\nThose pertinent to this paper include: †is creativity a cognitive process, or is it socially constructed? †is creativity to do with outcomes, or with processes and qualities much(prenominal) as fluency, imagination and originality? †what are the conditions which support the development of creativity? †what is the nature of creativity in education, and does it have a place in teacher education? One of the assumptions on which this paper is based is that teachers are creative; by extension, teacher education should thusly provide them with opportunities to identify themselves as creative and to get up their creativity.\r\nCraft (2001: 48) suggests that teachers are highly creative: for sure some of the characteristics of high creators (child alike qualities, feeling under siege, creation on the edge, high energy and productivity) which Gardner identifies in Creating Minds (1993), as hale as emerged as a characteristic of ‘ordinary’ educators in one of my enquiry projects (Craft, 1996a; Craft and Lyons, 1996). Craft’s allusion to productivity is complemented by Eisner’s exploration of the processes, the â€Å" art” and the â€Å"craft” problematic in teaching (2002).\r\n some(prenominal) facets of creativity, product and process, are incorporated into the framework for creative reflection. Details follow as to how participants engage in process activities as well as in deliberation on the outcomes of these processes. The process of creativity, mysterious as it is, has long been a source of fascination and speculation. Helmholtz’s classical model, developed in 1826, includes the stages of saturation, exploration and pensiveness; Poincare added to these the cheek of verification (Balzac, 2006).\r\nThe four- word form model developed for this study incorporates and elaborates on these stages: Model for Creative Reflection stage 1: Preparation This aspect of creative reflection recognises that the creative process involves uncertainty and possibility and that participa nts need preparation to access that state of receptivity, or Keatsian minus Capability, which Keats defines as â€Å"when a man is capable of creation in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason” (Buxton Foreman, 1895).\r\nIn this level of creative reflection, brink activities are offered to enhance possibility and to informal the imagination. One of the most successful of these threshold activities has been the invitation to participants to aim images and quotations on a relevant theme: teaching, discipline or creativity itself. This activity is based on the notion of â€Å"stepping stones” into a liminal conception of exploration, as in Progoff’s system for entering the â€Å"twilight existence” of process surmisal (Progoff, 1980).\r\nWhile participants are in the process of choosing images and quotations which engage them, medicinal drug is played in the background to enhance relaxation and stimul ate intuitive rather than rational decision-making. The activity is conducted without discussion to upgrade focus and a connection with the unconscious. Another threshold activity is that of visual percept: for example, individuals are asked to imagine their association about their practice as a voyage and to excogitate this in the form of images or writing. The manduction of the results is part of the process of synthesis described in the final exam phase of this model.\r\nThreshold activities are direct at the group as a entire as well as at individuals: for example, participants are asked to imagine an i write out space for teaching and eruditeness and to suggest in turn something which they might like to include in this space. Offerings range from comfortable chairs to the localization of function of this space at the seaside and the presence of menstruumers and music centres. This activity generates ideas about inclusiveness and introduces into the discussion metapho rs and symbols which enhance the acquire process.\r\nThe idea of bringing an ideal situation or world into the realms of possibility through group visualisation is based on the process of reflective meditation in psychosynthesis (Ferrucci, 1982; Assagioli, 1999). Phase 2: run This phase is based on the assumptions that a good deal of learning happens through play, that play is an essential aspect of cultural development (Huizinga, 1970), and that a group basis create meaning, possibility and bleak insights through the processes of play.\r\nPlay is also important because it has the potential to free participants from outside concerns so that they may enter the state of â€Å"flow”. According to Csikszentmihalyi (1991, 1997) this is an optimum state in which the person is fully focused and immersed in what he or she is doing, usually with a successful outcome. The activities in this phase are conducted quickly; their purpose is to generate energy, usage of the group proc ess and a range of freshly ideas. The processes involved provide opportunities for divergent thinking; they include mind mapping, creative thinking and brainstorming.\r\nThe brainstorming methods in this model of the creative reflection are apprised by Kelley and Littmann’s (2002) methods for enhancing fluency of ideas and innovation within the context of team-building. Phase 3: Exploration This aspect of creative reflection is active, with the purpose of creating a product. The processes involved may include creative writing, storytelling, or the use of art materials, or action methods based on psychodrama to concretize the experience (Moreno, 1994). The exploration phase may be individual or collective: it may take place in pairs or puny groups.\r\nIn one particular activity, an individual selects one of his or her identities as a teacher from a list; this list includes the more obvious identities much(prenominal) as mentor, helper and instructor, as well as more metap horical ones as foot soldier, sower or bridge. The individual then elaborates this identity through writing and art, imagining in detail, for example, what this identity might look like, its voice, its tools and how it engages in relationship. The image beneath depicts the process of exploration on both individual and group levels.\r\nParticipants, given the caper of expressing their understandings of themselves as reflective practitioners, arranged together the quotations, images and artefacts which they had chosen as individuals to express this notion. The circle of people make from tissue paper was created as a collective piece for the final image; this suggests that the group product extended beyond that of a loose emplacement of individual ideas to a creative collaboration of knowledge and understanding. [pic] Phase 4 Synthesis In the final phase of creative reflection, which is akin to the verification tage of the Helmholtz/Poincare model, participants posture and reflect on their ideas, stories and collective images. In this phase, which is adequate from McNiff’s process of â€Å"dialoguing with the image”, participants engage with and reflect on the artefact engendered by the creative process (McNiff, 1992). Through this process, the experience and learning are synthesised into new understandings, or the identification of new questions which might be raised about professional practice. The image below represents the world of reflective practice as created by a group of practitioners through the use of props. pic] discourse about this image revealed that each of the scarves, which are circumscribing and containing the world of reflective practice, represents a strength owned by one of the practitioners, while the Russian dolls and the teddy back on the edge of the circle symbolise those learners who uprise themselves from learning. The act of dialoguing with the image engendered ideas amongst the participants for engaging those wh o are presently on the outside and who have not yet found a satisfactory means of expression.\r\nIn many ways, the process of writing this paper has been a struggle to express that which is inexpressible; it is challenging to articulate the complexity of the spaces between reflection and practice, as well as the complexity of creativity itself. It is hoped that further research will indicate whether the processes of creative reflection bed take sufficient cognisance of these complexities to support teachers in recognising and expressing their creativity. References Assagioli, R. (1999) The Act of Will: A Guide to Self-Actualization and Self-Realization, Knaphill, David Platts issue Company\r\nBalzac, F. (2006) ‘Exploring the Brain’s Role in Creativity’,Neuropsychiatry Reviews, Vol. 7, no. 5, May 2006. http://www. neuropsychiatryreviews. com/may06/einstein. html Accessed 14/11/2006 Buxton Foreman, H. (1895, Complete revised edition) The Letters of deception Ke ats, capital of the United Kingdom : Reeves & Turner Craft, A. (2001)’ â€Å"Little c Creativity”’, Craft, A. Jeffrey, B, and Leibling, M. (eds. ), Creativity in Education, London and young York, Continuum, pp 45-61 Craft, A. (1996a) ‘ nutritive educator creativity: a holistic approach to CPD’, British Journal of In-Service Education, 22 (3), 309-322.\r\nCraft, A. and Lyons, T. (1996) Nourishing the Educator, Milton Keynes: The Open University Seminar Network Occasional Paper serial publication Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997) Creativity. current and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. modernistic York, HarperPerennial. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991) Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. New York : HarperPerennial Eisner (2002) ’From episteme to phronesis to artistry in the study and improvement of teaching’, Teaching and teacher Education, Volume 18, Number 4, May 2002, pp. 375-385 Ferrucci, P. 1982) What we may be: techniq ues for psychological and spiritual growth. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam Gardner, H. (1997) Extraordinary minds: portraits of majestic individuals and an examination of our extraordinariness New York : BasicBooks Huizinga, J. (1970) Homo Ludens: a study of the play element in culture, London : Maurice tabernacle Smith Kelley, T and Littman, J. (2002) The Ten Faces of Innovation: Ideo’s Strategies for Beating the Devil’s Advocate & Driving Creativity Throughout Your Organization London: Profile\r\nLeitch, R. and Day, C. (2000) ‘ military action research and reflective practice: towards a holistic view’, Educational Action Research, Vol 8, 1 pp179-193. McNiff, S. (1992) Art as medicine: creating a therapy of the imagination Boston, MA. : London: Shambhala Moreno, J. L. (1994, Fourth Edition) Psychodrama and Group Psychotherapy, psychogenic Health Resources. Progoff, I (1980) The Practice of Process venture: The Intensive Journal Way to Spiritual Experience, New York: Dialogue House Library.\r\n'

'Environmental degradation\r'

'IntroductionSince the 1970 ‘s, environmental debasement has brought sonorous concerns to the bow with respect to the amazon rain forest ( viragoia ) . The transnational community †drollly the United States †has stanchly proposed for erratic way of viragoia as a agency of in effect continuing this decisive resource. The key belief impeling this devote is the sentiment that viragoian posits be steadily eliminating portion of the world ‘s last leftoer tropical timber basis through with(predicate) deforestation and hap little forestry direction policies. In visible radiation of the turning importance given up to environmental issues on the multinational phase, the brazil-nut treeian national G all everywherenment ‘s chase of acquireth has been deemed uncompromisingly aggressive. The external community contends that this is adversely impacting world.\r\nbrazil nut, nevertheless, is non pleased with this stance. by dint of its suret y and foreign policy, the Federal Republic of brazil nut under the helm of chairwoman Luiz Inacio Lula district lawyer Silva has endeavoured to asseve direct sovereignty over the virago rainforest located within its leaping spots in response to the possible ‘ foreignisation of viragoia. ‘\r\nThis essay lead analyze the nature of supranationalization, see opposite cases where the require has been deliberated upon or applied and analyse the argument environing the planetaryistization of amazonia. In bend, this essay allow for detail how the exist of internationalization has affected policy-making of electric chair Lula, with proper(postnominal) focal transport on shelter, culture and environmental policies.Internationalization Of amazoniaImportance Of viragoiaviragoia is the term customd to depict the belt of the virago Rainforest located in South America. At present, it is situated within the districts of 9 states and brazil nut has approximately 60 % of the amazon within its boundary lines. This agricultural is k forthwith as the lawful virago.\r\nOver the octogenarian ages, the p invention has assumed tremendous international and regional importance. In footings of biodiversity, Amazonia constitutes the large-scalest aggregation of vegetations and zoologies in the universe. Cultivation of the toss off is non merely cardinal number to the supports of the locals, merely the Amazon Rainforest is a huge modesty of congenital resources that includes familial stuff, stuffs that be cardinal ingredients for pharmaceuticals and lumber.\r\nIt at all rate plays a critical lam in modulating planetary climate forms, gaining the rubify of the â€Å"lungs of the earth” due to its map of sunburn pop planetary heating. Deforestation in Amazonia has been a urgent concern in modern measure, as timber glade has meant there is less flora to quarter C emanations. Therefore, the nurtureion of the Amazon Rainforest has been determine as an pressing concern on an international storey.Two Sides Of The ArgumentThe certain contention over Amazonia bends on twain points: the struggle between phylogeny and to what degree the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ would interfere with brazil-nut tree ‘s redress to sovereignty. Both the international community and brazil move over strong tilts doing the issue a complicated cardinal to decide.The Case For International ManagementIntense development of the Legal Amazon has resulted in damaging environmental do much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the decreasing quality of fresh pee and air and rapid glade of flora. Subsequently, this has had social reverberations such as nutrient insecurity. The international community †comprised of States and NGOs †argues that to rebuff such important qualifyings would be negligent and therefore the universe has an involvement in continuing the Amazon Rainforest. As of late , States shake up exerted force per unit field of view on the dry land Bank to decline retribution to brazil-nut tree if it fails to assent to international de biderance norms.\r\nFurther oftentimes, the international community contends that as the Amazon Rainforest is divided up by 9 States, it becomes more than than than a mere domestic figurehead. Coordination of preservation and sustainable development attempts would be cumbrous if Amazonia were viewed as fragments dealt with strictly by inborn policy. Rather, it should be viewed as a whole for the intents of direction and hence an international organic structure whitethorn be better suited to this function. Ecological jobs, it has been alleged, trump traditional realizes of State sovereignty.AntarcticaACEHThe Case Against The ‘Internationalisation Of Amazonia ‘The brazilian administration has regarded the run a risk of international direction of The Legal Amazon as illicit intervention into Brazil â €˜s national influence. The chorus of â€Å"Amazonia is ours” is a greenness in Brazilian circles.\r\nBrazil has similarly deemed the cessation of fiscal attention from the World Bank as conscienceless, as it coerces the development of Brazil to be influence by immaterial histrions. Brazil claims that industrialized states be furthering a dual criterion, by obliging development states to bear their staying natural resources even though environmental concerns were non a itemor of their ain growing.\r\nAn interesting statement raised by Brazil is the fact that other eco dodgings under Brazilian control †such as the Atlantic Rainforest †are mostly organism ignored by the international community, patronage the fact that they have been virtually wholly destroyed. Oppositions of internationalization have proposed that this whitethorn be because such countries do non forbear the same degree of natural wealth. This alludes to the impression that Brazil is to o profoundly leery that the preservation dimension is merely a camouflage for other states to escape the Amazon Rainforest ‘s enormous resources and implement it for their ain involvements. There has been controversy over the function of NGOs in the vocalization as it has been continually nominateed that NGOs were solely cloaked instruments of states of northern Hemisphere severe to surround the sovereignty of Brazil â€Å"without damaging international rights.”Darfur form _or_ dodging of government-Making In The Lula AdministrationEqually far as the portion of the Amazon Rainforest that is located within Brazil ‘s boundary lines is concerned, Brazil asserts that the international community is non verticalified in their stance that an international organic structure result better pull off the Amazon Rainforest. Brazil has perceived this planetary preservation attempt as an indirect effort to besiege its sovereignty over Amazonia.\r\nConsequently, the al leged menace of the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ coupled with international force per unit area has shaped Brazilian security and foreign policy.Security form _or_ system of governmentLula received a grand sum of resistance from the military machine sector and orthodox cabals of Brazilian society whilst runing for election. In malice of this, Lula has declare that military presence in the Legal Amazon is a seminal facet of Brazil ‘s defense mechanism and security. He has displaced the outlook that he would scale down military plans and alternatively, has harnessed the fortify forces ‘s support of development to foster his boilers suit scheme of stinting, societal and regional growing.\r\nInternational appraisal of the Amazon Rainforest has influenced the coevals of Brazilian security policy. Lula, like one-time(a) presidents, has endorsed the ‘militarisation of the Amazonian frontier. ‘ The armed forces ‘s aim in the Legal Ama zon is to protect the part from illegal enter, deforestation and drug trafficking. However, another(prenominal) accessory motivation for the armed forces is to reaffirm Brazil ‘s territorial unity over Amazonia.Military ‘s Historical Role In AmazoniaHistorically, the armed forces ‘s function in Amazonia has been important and consecutive Brazilian administrations have utilised the military to react to external intervention. In 1964, the so military government felt it was imperative to protect the Legal Amazon from external conquering by states who were presumed to ‘covet the part and its putative(prenominal) wealths ‘ The principle behind this was that though Brazil had acquired sovereignty over a slap-up trade of the Amazon catchment area through diplomatic negotiations, the country could neer be ‘Brazilian ‘ unless wholly secured.\r\nThe Sarney administration devised the Calha Norte ( Northern Trough Project ) which entailed increased military presence in the Legal Amazon, spawned out of fright of a possible invasion. Likewise, the Cardoso government constructed the depicted object Defense Policy in 1996 which stipulated that the Legal Amazon was of strategic precedency to Brazil.\r\nIt is besides interesting to observe that during the Forest ardor Crisis in Roraima †a province of the Legal Amazon †Brazilian governments rebuffed foreign advocate. This reaction is declarative that aid may hold been regarded â€Å"as external forces difficult to claim international control over Amazonia.”\r\nIn his term, Lula has reinstated Calha Norte and besides embraced Cardoso ‘s National Defense Policy by edict in 2005. To supplement this, in 2008 he adopted the Strategic Defense pop the question which go throughd that the sum of military forces in the Legal Amazon would lift from 17,000 to 30,000 over the following decennary. This undertaking is a agency of modernizing the military to reflect B razil ‘s emerging function in the international domain.\r\nLula ‘s current Amazonian scheme is twofold: protecting the under fire(predicate) Legal Amazon by garrisoning the frontier with military colonies and using the Amazon Vigilence System better k straight offn as SIVAM.\r\nLula is a ferocious advocate of SIVAM which became usable during his first term. The $ 1.4 billion radio detection and ranging and supervision system commandeered by the Brazilian air force, complemented with SIPAM ( the Amazon justification System ) allows for strategic responses to menaces and leery exercise without physical military presence.\r\nEven through the electron lens of exhibitcracy, Lula has demonstrated that the armed forces becalm has a cardinal function to play in asseverating Brazil ‘s sovereignty over Amazonia. This stance is implicative of Brazil ‘s position that the Legal Amazon should non be managed by an international organic structure.Human SecurityOf cla ss, impressions of security do non simply encompass traditional military constructs. The construct of human security besides suggests that the range of security should be widened to include developmental and environmental security, with peculiar focal point on the public assistance of the person as opposed to the province. Therefore, viewed from this vantage point, Brazil ‘s development and environmental policies have besides been shaped by the internationalization argument. cultivation Policystinting StabilityBrazil ‘s current foreign policy is directed to a great extent towards guaranting that Brazil does non roll from its way as an emerging world power on the regional and planetary phase. Brazil ‘s stableness during the recent planetary fiscal recession proves that it is flexing its regional muscularity and steadily turning in international importance.\r\nDevelopment of the Amazon has been a cardinal characteristic of old Brazilian disposals, stemming from the utmost(prenominal) period of enlargement with cognitive operation Amazonia in 1966, wherein roads were built, foreign investing was boost and colony of the Legal Amazon with agricultural settlements was promoted. The aspect behind this was that if the country was cultivated and occupied, the chance of international intercession would ebb. Development was besides of import in footings of set uping regional connexions: states sharing the Amazon basin became more incorporate through commercialism and grapevines.\r\nLula ‘s association with the Worker ‘s Party has influenced his uncreated end of societal and frugal development. Under Lula ‘s regulation, the Brazilian authorities has been successful in the variegation of the state ‘s already powerful industrial sector. Consequently, his accent on the development of the Legal Amazon arises from a desire to enable Brazil ‘s acclivity in the international domain, as the Amazon Rainforest has an copiousn ess of natural resources. Therefore, procuring Brazil ‘s claim over the Legal Amazon has greatly coloured development policies.Sustainable DevelopmentThe state ‘s go along economic development requires more growing and in bend, more demand for vigour which has raised environmental concerns. Government rhetoric affirms that this is ineluctable in coiffure to gain Brazil ‘s economic system to its wide-eyed electric potential. At present, much of the Legal Amazon is still in despairing demand of further substructure and societal development and the Brazilian authorities has stated that if Amazonia is non true it scum bag non prolong a billowy population and spread out its art in the international market. Further, impressions of preservation do non show on the spectrum of believing for dwellers of the Legal Amazon, as umpteen live in poorness.\r\nThe internationalization argument, nevertheless, has coerced Brazil to substitution from theories of pure neo-lib eralism and fetch thoughts of sustainable development to the ‘Brazilian vocabulary. ‘ During his run for presidential term, Lula promised to highlight environmental and societal issues whilst guaranting the conservative cabal of Brazilian society that he planned to continue with the old authorities ‘s neo-liberal economic policies. He readily supported sustainable development in Amazonia as it encouraged the first step of length of service in footings of production, lasting economic growing and besides demonstrated that Brazil had administrative capacity over the Legal Amazon.\r\nLula set in gesture the Sustainable Amazon Plan, avering that 70-80 % of the forest could potentially be preserved in concurrence with economic development. The Brazilian Fire Control Program for Amazonia has countenances on combustion during the extremum dry season and IBAMA †the Brazilian surroundingsal Protection Agency †has the capacity to reduce mulcts and enforce tutel ary sentences for illegal deforestation and logging and combustion. Deforestation licenses have besides been revoked from landowners who exceed the 20 % deforestation bound on their belongings.\r\nHowever, the effectivity of sustainable development ventures in Brazil has been called into inquiry as there is turning bitterness that the Avanca brazil nut ( Brasil Advances ) program shows Lula ‘s prejudice for socialized development, allowing the construct of roads and development undertakings which are at odds with preservation undertakings.\r\nAnd though Brazil is a cardinal figure in ACTO ( the Amazon Cooperation Treaty memorial tablet ) which calls for sustainable development within the Amazonian states but esteem the sovereignty of these states, critics argue that the pact has been mostly useless in their strategic program.\r\nDespite Lula ‘s persistent place on developing the Legal Amazon, it is arrive at that the internationalization argument has influenced Br azil to chair its development policies from purely traditional economy-building to promoting the execution of sustainable development, which now occupies a cardinal strategic place in Brazilian foreign policy.environmental PolicyLula ‘s predecessors have been unbidden to see the environmental concerns raised by the international community. President Cardoso, for case, hosted the United Nations Conference on the Environment in 1992. The Lula disposal has besides keep to cistron the environment as a pillar of policy-making and prides itself on universe the â€Å"greenest” Brazilian authorities, with many another(prenominal) raw(a) policies aimed at sustainability.\r\nThe internationalization argument has impelled Brazil to measure its internal preservation policies and the function the state has to play on the planetary phase. The Brazilian Ministry of foreign Affairs, the Itamaraty, affirms that the environment is a cardinal strategic line of Brazilian foreign pol icy. The Lula disposal is far more cognizant of Brazil ‘s duties in footings of ceremonial occasion international environmental criterions with respect to preservation, deforestation and clime alteration.\r\nHowever, these environmental policies have systematically been framed from the point of view of supporting domestic sovereignty over the Legal Amazon.ConservationWhile it is of import for Brazil to develop Amazonia, it still has considerable involvement in conserving the part. This is non merely to take on economic and environmental length of service but many loans from international establishments, such as the World Bank, and developed states favour enterprises and undertakings that promote preservation and/or sustainability.\r\nLula ‘s election into office heralded the potency for Brazil to switch from neo-liberalism and impel itself more persistently towards preservation attempts. During his presidential term, Lula has reformed the Forestry Code of 1934 and cont inued to run the Nossa Natureza ( Our Nature ) plan instituted by President Sarney: a $ 100 million undertaking designed to set about forest protection through an instruction procedure. The Public Forest Management law of nature besides provides that corporations are entitled to 3 % of the Amazon Rainforest if they engage in sustainable development.\r\nThe intense examination of the Amazon Rainforest has encouraged the Brazilian authorities to beat up support for preservation undertakings: the Lula disposal has argued that the cost of continuing Amazonia is a lading that should be borne by all stakeholders. However, Lula has been speedy to go past up that this protection should non be achieved by the international community administrating the part. Furthermore, at the launch of the Amazon Protection Fund in August 2008 †an aid-based plan premised on accumulating $ 21 billion worth of contributions over a period of 13 old ages †Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Brazil ‘s Mi nister for Strategic Affairs stated that: â€Å"The strain is a vehicle by which foreign authoritiess give the sack assist back up our enterprises without exercising any influence over our national policy. We are non locomotion to merchandise sovereignty for money. ”\r\nDespite being antiphonary to preservation unfavorable judgments, Lula has been accused of moving in a reactionist, instead than proactive, mode. This stance of following environmental policies tailored in response to mounting international force per unit area over deforestation rates and crises has been deemed a defect of the current disposal. For case, in 2003 Lula ordered the formation of a figure of preservation countries in the Legal Amazon subsequent to the slayings of great conservationists and environmentalists in the part.\r\nAlthough Lula regularly appoints renowned environmental militants to the environmental stations, two have resigned in dramatic manner. bloody shame Allegretti, the Secretary of Coordination of the Amazonas in Ministry of Environment, resigned after happening that: â€Å"On the deliverance of the Amazon, the authorities is clearly still of two minds.” And Marina Silva, former Environmental Minister, left her place in 2008 after Lula made remarks kicking about the sullen procedure involved in obtaining environmental licenses for development undertakings: â€Å"Brazil ‘s economic development is being held up for the interest of a few fish.”\r\nThese fortunes seem to bespeak that while preservation is on the set for Brazil, at present the end of development is favoured over it.DeforestationThe chase of developing Brazil ‘s economic system has entailed mass deforestation at an get down rate. However, Brazil has taken great paces in trying to turn to the environmental effects of deforestation.\r\nIn 2008, Lula announced a program to cut down the rate of deforestation by 50 % by 2017, although this has been brand as vague, as the m echanisms for enforcement are ill-defined. In serve 2010, Brazil and the United States signed a instrument of Understanding in which both states would work conjointly to cut down deforestation in a command to control clime alteration. This move is important, as it demonstrates chumminesss between two states that have historically been at dunces over how to diminish deforestation.\r\nSlash-and-burn systems involve uncluttering big countries of wood for agricultural intents and has lay waste toing effects on the dirt of rain forests which basically changes the nature of the rainforest ecosystem. Brazil ‘s National Policy on Forests has been reformed to deter and punish cut back-and-burn techniques.\r\nThe antecedently mentioned SIVAM besides operates on an environmental degree, as its scrutiny of Amazonian topography is enlightening in measuring which countries are appropriate to be designated for eco-zoning and besides detects illegal logging and deforestation. Many critics , nevertheless, suggest that SIVAM ‘s primary military docket leave dominate any other intent unless farther support is given to scientific research.\r\nLula has besides open the National System for Nature Conservation Units, which protects about 37 % of the Legal Amazon and has created the Protected Areas Fund. Lula has managed to demo significant consequences in controling deforestation: from July 2008-August 2009 the Brazilian authorities was able to expose a 45 % dip in the deforestation rate from the old twelvemonth.\r\nHowever, despite this diminution, deforestation in Brazil is now reportedly on the addition. Brazil has Torahs against deforestation but they are hard to implement, peculiarly in rural countries with teensy-weensy to no ministerial presence. Furthermore, much of Amazonia is still freely available under Brazilian jurisprudence, which does non present much inducement for land-users to cultivate the part sustainably. IBAMA †Brazil ‘s Environme nt Protection Agency †is allegedly unspoiled with corruptness, awfully underfunded and does non hold adequate resources at its disposal. simply 6.5 % of the mulcts imposed for illegal deforestation are genuinely collected and about 80 % of the logging in Amazonia is illegal.\r\nIt is clear that the internationalization argument has contributed to the execution of forestry ordinance within Brazil. However, it is arguable whether or non the theoretical precautions in topographic point are realised to their full consequence in pattern. temper ChangeBrazil has been instrumental in clime alteration dialogues in planetary forums, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is a cardinal participant in dialogues as it is responsible for 3 % of planetary emanations due to deforestation. unmatched relevant menace from clime alteration is desertification, which may transform Amazonia from a exuberant part liberal with natural resources, to a drought-strick en barren. Brazil is progressively provoke in avoiding displacements in the environment that go forth put forward the Amazon Basin unsustainable.\r\nBrazil has a National Plan on Climate Change which premise sustainable development and a staggered decrease of babys room gas emanations. Furthermore, Brazil ‘s involvement in clime alteration dialogues is to seek an understanding that will non impede its development. So far, Brazil has benefited from the dialogue procedure as it has remained mostly focused on pushing emanations, and the bulk of Brazil ‘s emanations are emitted from the forestry sector.\r\nThe Lula disposal has seen clime alteration dialogues as chance to look at out partnerships that will affect the transportation of engineerings between developed and developing states. The Brazilian authorities is besides timeserving, in that it uses climate alteration dialogues as a political platform to show its way towards economic growing and societal developme nt, leading amongst developing states and its emerging function in the South America part and in the international domain.\r\nIndirectly, Lula has used international forums on clime alteration to showcase to the universe that Brazil is steadfastly in control of issues that affect Amazonia.DecisionThe state of affairs in the Legal Amazon has been described as President Lula ‘s concluding great confrontation whilst in office and an scrutiny of his security, development and environmental policies demonstrates that the part has been a important component of his expansive scheme.\r\nAlthough the Brazilian Federal Government has tailored much of its recent security and foreign policy to integrate more preservation and sustainable development schemes, the effectivity of these has frequently been called into inquiry. In order to guarantee long-run forward motion and fulfill the international community ‘s environmental scruples, Brazil must endeavor to equilibrate the developme nt of its economic system and affairs of preservation.\r\nFaced with the chance of the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ a sequence of Brazilian governments has exhibited an purpose of protecting against the invasion of Brazilian sovereignty over the Legal Amazon. Even with a displacement in leading later this twelvemonth with the approaching elections, it is extremely likely that this stance will predominate and that Amazonia will busy a cardinal function in geopolitics for Brazil as it is non merely significantly bountiful in natural resources which is important to development, but besides subsists as a strong symbol of patriotism.\r\n black lovage Lopez, ‘Environmental Change, Security and Social Conflicts in the Brazilian Amazon ‘ ( 1999 ) 5 Environmental Change & A ; Security Project Report 26, 27.\r\nNaval College clause\r\nhypertext transplant protocol: // radicals.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7538480.stm\r\nhypertext transfer protocol: //www.maryallegrett i.blogspot.com/2006/04/como-era-verde-o-meu-vale.html\r\nNaval college article\r\nEnvironmental abjection\r\nWhat Is Environmental humiliation? Environmental adulteration is a result of socio-economical, technological and institutional activities. Degradation occurs when Earths natural resources are depleted. These resources which are affected include: • urine •Air •Soil The degradation also impacts our: •Wildlife •Plants •Animals •Micro-organisms How Environmental Degradation Occurs Environmental changes are based on many factors including: •Urbanization •Population growth •Economic growth •Intensification of agriculture •Increase in energy use •Increase in transportationOur land, water and speck are compromised when people exhaust resources or sprain harmful chemicals into the air. Deforestation, wasting resources, and pollution all add to the demise of an environmentally-sound and safe planet. For fashion model, when trees in forests are cut down in large quantities, so that more homes can be built on the land, the birds and wildlife who lived in the forest must find a new place to live. The vegetation that once grew on the land is destroyed. Trees that absorbed carbon dioxide to ease the biosphere are now unable to do so.If the wood from the trees is used to make products and those products (such as paper) are later recycled, that is one bright aspect for the planet. However, roughly times trees are just cut down and burned. This is what is known as slash and burn, a practice that only destroys forests and all that live in them. Unfortunate Impacts of Environmental Degradation When factories cook harmful chemicals and toxic waste into bodies of water, humans suffer. Pesticides and fertilizers can also get into a regions water system and pollute it. Drinking water is contaminated.Some residing in third-world countries are highly effected by the degradation of our planet and these un healthy practices cause the following: •Illnesses •Death in children •Death in adults Poverty In many countries in Africa, crop harvests are falling as consumption increases. People are finding less nutritious food to eat. One argument held is that while fields in wealthier nations are used to grow crops for biofuel, poorer countries, especially those around the Equator, are vulnerable to hold out changes, water shortages, and urbanization. All of these factors are increasing the health and lives of thousands.Some scientists and environmentalists are asking that non-food items and agriculture waste be used as alternative fuel for vehicles instead. Losing Earths watcher As humans dump waste products, use chemicals, and over fish in the oceans and seas, areas of beauty such as coral reefs are damaged. At times the destruction is so great that is cannot be reversed. We are killing our planet and the consequences are tremendous. One example of this lies within the coast lands of Thailand. Here ocean and coastal resources at risk. Vast areas of mangrove wetlands have been lost.Coral reefs continue to suffer degradation, and the total fish available for transmissible is declining. Not only is the degradation causing marine and coastal resources to be lost, but this issue holds large economic problems. When there are not abundant fish to catch, fishermen are without income to support themselves and their families. In some coastal towns, the shores are eroding at a rate of one to five meters per year. This results in an yearly loss of more than six billion tical ($150 million) in economic terms. How to Stop Degradation There are ways which you can help to decrease degradation in our environment.Some of these include: • secure recycled products • conserves water •Do not pack or toss waste into inappropriate places •Conserve energy •Join an awareness group • palaver with others about the impacts of environmental degradation •Be an advocate to save our planet! Conclusion: The impact of environmental incidents can be devastating on the social, economic, and environmental systems of a country or region as well as the global ecosystem. Environmental disasters do not recognise man-made borders, and threaten the bequest left to future generations of a clean and verificatory environment.Because of the interdependency of earth ecosystems international co-operation is paramount to prevent, and when disaster strikes, respond to relieve quickly and effectively the effects of environmental disasters. Thus, Governments, International organizations and communities must work unneurotic †at all levels †to lessen the risks associated with environmental degradation and its contributing factors, such as climate change, and visualize that vulnerable people are prepared to get in and adapt. At the same time, companies, organizations and individuals must also ensure that their work is environmentally friendly and sustainable.\r\n'