Developing of Online Enrolment System

Developing of Online Enrolment placementPrefaceThis softw ar propose instruction design is in cristald to give as an outline of the exploitation of a new honor outline for Buena expectation College Administration. This jut out depart try the social organization and basis of the tuition of the new brass. This includes outlining the deliverables, providing a archive and organisational structure, and producing the associated plans requiremented for schooling of this check. This plan is intended to be apply by the intention squad, as a development guide, throughout the life of the abide, and by solicitude as a case to the expatiate of the design as well as the progress of the dispatch.1.0 scheme OverviewThe oerview of the picture provides a brief outline of the major details of the project, including identifying the project, stating what is pass judgment form the project, and a summary of both schedule and work out.1.1 Purpose, Scope ObjectivesThe mark o f this project is to evoke the real enrolment dodging for Buena survey College. The upgrade impart consist of an added function, tot exclusively in all(a)yowing administration mental faculty to automatically compute students eligibility for gateway into reward programs.This new organization go away be integrated into the existing enrolment placement. The project team go out be restricted to adding the honours function only fixing defects or adding other functionality is out of the range of this project. The scope of the project does however include the implementation of some(prenominal) redundant packaged softwargon.The objective of this project is to meet the universitys business need of deviate efficiencies, in order to firster operating costs and re of import competitive. These of necessity argon make headway defined belowv Overall quick processing of applications to honour programs. Current methods ar manual, making them both age consuming and pr unrival ed to error.v A more(prenominal) effective use of honors applicationsv Develop a readily accessible sound judgement storey of watercourse appli tricktsv Develop a readily accessible honors enchant summary report1.2 Assumption and ConstraintsThere argon several assumptions and constraints relating to the project team developing an honours system for Buena medical prognosis College. They stop be found in find out board 1.1 (below). set back 1.1 Assumptions, constraints and impactsAssumptionsImpact on plan if falseThe group size testament remain at quint members through-out the life of the projectThe plan impart need to be rescheduled to intromit the switch over. Tasks leave alone to a fault take up to be reallocated.The invitee has not stipulate a referable date. The project allow for require heavy rescheduling, and perchance an outsourcing arrangement.The university pull up stakes approve financing the system.The project will not go ahead. customer will be able to be contacted at all clippingsMay delay production, on that pointfore extending the schedule.ConstraintsImpact on plan if false purpose team is constrained by design of rate of flow administration system send off would be developed in a manner best suited to the project team. The plan would need to be recompiled, to conform to the new design.1.3 Project DeliverablesThe pursual itemization specifies the elements of the project to be formally completed as a deliverable. A full(a) list of both deliverable and non-deliverable work products is include in component part 7.3. remand 1.2 Project DeliverablesStatement of User Requirements and Acceptance Criteria black-tiely identifies the emergencys of the system, specified by the client. This document ask to be reviewed and accepted cby the client. parcel Project c are excogitateDetails the processes, tools and techniques that are to be used in the development of the project.User DocumentationA manual for users cl azoic explain ing system.System (Software)Formal hand over of new system to the client.1.4 memorial and figure epitomeThe schedule and compute for this project is found upon the waterfall Software fancy aliveness Cycle (SDLC) being adopted for this project.Table 1.3 enumeration and cipher Summary bodBegunFinished costRequirements04/11/200208/11/2002$1,642.67 summary11/11/200225/11/2002$5,923.44Design26/11/200213/12/2002$6,608.00 cryptanalysis16/12/200203/03/2003$36,216.00 seeking and death penalty04/04/200325/04/2003$6,308.31TOTALSProject life is approx 125 days$56,968.42The worst-case and best-case scenarios deviate little than 10% from the above summary.The full schedule and cipher can be found in scratch 5.2.2 and 5.2.4 respectively, and in APPENDIX.1.5 Evolution of the Project platformThis plan will be completed when it passes twain criteriav completely elements of the Software Project attention cast Template (Walden), are include in this document, andv The document passes a woodland review, draw in the character Assurance program (Section 7.4).At the completion of this document it will be labelled version 1.0 and shall be put under qualify get the hang, whereby it whitethorn only be changed through the processes outlined in the contour instruction visualise (Section 7.1).This process shall be made available to all members of the project team, as well as any member of anxiety who requests it.Scheduled updates will be conducted at reviews undertaken at separately milepost specified in the Project freshen ups (Section 7.5). Unscheduled updates may be conducted at any stage during the development of the project, as long as the project film director approves changes. Regardless of whether the updates are scheduled or not, any change to this plan must comply with the change control plan outlined in the Configuration precaution Plan (Section 7.1).2.0 ReferencesBuena aspect College (1997) Configuration Management Plan v2.0, Buena Vista Coll ege Press, postBuena Vista College (2001) habit Management Plan v3.1, Buena Vista College Press, LOCATIONBuena Vista College (1999) Verification and organisation Plan v1.2 Buena Vista College Press, LOCATIONBuena Vista College (2002) Work Product Plan v4.0 Buena Vista College Press, LOCATIONIEEE Computer Society (1999) Volume Two Process Standards, IEEE Inc. new-fashioned York, U.S.A.Walden, J. (1999) Software Project Management Plan Template v3.0, Department of Information mental imagerys.PMBOK settle down Hodgen (2002) lec notesROUT CASE STUDYSCHWALBEALAVI M 1999RUDOPLH EBERHADT LEC NOTES ON ESTIMATINGADD STANDARDS REFERED TO IN THE SUPPORTING PROCESS PLANSALPHABETISE REFERENCES.3.0 Acronyms and DefinitionsThe tabular array below give tongue tos all acronyms used and their definitions, in alphabetical order.Table 3.1Acronyms Definitions (Alphabetical)AcronymsDefinitionsBVC CMPBuena Vista College Configuration Management PlanBVC QMPBuena Vista College lumber Managemen t PlanBVC VVPBuena Vista College Verification and Validation PlanBVC WPPBuena Vista College Work Product PlanguestBuena Vista College AdministrationCOCOMOConstructive Cost ModelCOSMOSSoftware Cost Modelling SystemFPAFunction Point AnalysisIT GroupBuena Vista College Information Technology GroupPMProject ManagerPPRPost-project ReviewProject TeamMembers of the IT Group working on the systemQEQuality EngineerSDDSoftware Design DescriptionSDLCSoftware Design Life CycleSPMPSoftware Project Management PlanSRSSoftware Requirements specificationSURACStatement of User Requirements and Acceptance CriteriaSystemBuena Vista College Administration honours system being developed by the project teamTDTest DocumentationTPTest PlanUDUser Documentation4.0 Project compositionProject organisation involves identifying the external and internal interfaces as well as the roles and responsibilities of apiece member of the project team.4.1 orthogonal InterfacesExternal interfaces summarise the kindre d between the project team, the client, and any other entities associated with the project.This project does not admit a true external interface existing between two parties, as both the acquirer and developer are part of the same bigger organisation. The project shall exist in an environment separated from non-university bodies.The following table highlights the project teams organisational interactions and the interface/ liaison to each organisation.Table 3 External interfacesOrganisationRole/sInterfaces withProject TeamDevelop of systemClient IT DepartmentIT DepartmentOversee project at highest trainClient Project TeamBuena Vista CollegeClient Managerial victor of IT dept and project teamProject Liaison interfaces with Project Team IT DeptThe Project Manager will be responsible for interfacing with anything outside of the project team. This includes the client liaison, the IT Director, and any other external body.It is important to mention that the IT Director has loaded personal interest in this project, as he wishes to prove to the university that the IT surgical incision is a capable body. We expect that he will impact to a great extent upon the interface between the client and the project.Buena Vista College are both the client, and organisational superiors to all involved in the project.4.2 Internal StructureThe internal structure of Buena Vista College outlines the handlerial hierarchy of the project team, identifying whom each member is reportable to. The structure in addition distinguishes the other known elements of the organisation, and their relation to each other.4.5 Roles and ResponsibilitiesThe following table identifies the roles of each person in the team, and the subsequent responsibilities related to that role.Table 4 Roles and responsibilitiesRoleResponsibilitiesProject Manager* conflict resolution* task tryst* project monitor and improvement* project team leadership* intermediate with both client and superiorsQuality Enginee r* review all deliverables for step* produce fiber plan* system testingSystem analyst/ Designer* abridgment* design* testingProgrammers* coding* source scratch documentation* testing5.0 Managerial Process PlansThis section contains the managerial plans that shall be utilise during this project. These plans are all subject to change and improvement. The plans have been created apply both external knowledge, and personal judgement. External knowledge used includes IEEE standards and the PMBOK guide.5.1 Start-Up PlanThe projects cost and schedule shall be determined by how much driving force will be required for this project. In order to determine the apparent motion, the system size must be estimated. This shall be through using function-point synopsis (FPA), and Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) analysis.5.1.1 measuring rod System SizeThe FPA will yield an appraisal to the systems size, which includes an estimate to the number of lines of code required. The FPA will be bas ed upon the statement of user requirements all data requirements, functions, and reports shall be approximated based upon the users specifications. Please be certified that the FPA is executed after the user the requirements have been gathered, and that the project has already begun.5.1.2 Measuring Effort Required and Determining SchedulesMeasuring the amount of effort needed for this system can be measured in terms metre required. Because the FPA provides an approximation to the size of the system, it can be used as the basis for measuring time required. Accordingly, the FPA results will be fed into a COCOMO analysis. Again, please be aware that this analysis is done once the project has begun, and does not include the effort required to gain, study, and synthesise the user requirements.The COCOMO analysis shall provide an estimate on the amount of time required to complete the project. The time required shall be displayed in a three strain breakdown design, programming, and in tegration and testing. These phases shall then be illogical down into activities, which shall be further broken down into tasks. Effort/time required for activities will be guided by the estimate provided in the COCOMO analysis. These estimations will be based upon the outlines given in section 7.2 of the PMBOK (Cost Estimating). In turn, the effort/time required for tasks shall be based upon the estimate for the employment that the task is part of.The COCOMO analysis has only been used to determine the effort required from schedule task 2.2 (Process Implementation), to schedule task 5.3 (Configuration Evaluation). To be more specific, the COCOMO product design phase includes section 2.2 to 3.2 the COCOMO programming phase includes all of section 4 and COCOMO integration and testing phase includes all of section 5. The schedule may be found in Appendix.A diagrammatical mapping the breakdown of work, or Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), is included in APPENDIX. The WBS shall then be used to calculate the project schedule, shown in APPENDIX.5.1.3 Measuring Project CostCost is associated with three place indicators, size, quality, and productivity (Rudolph, 2002, p9). Unfortunately quality and productivity are too surd to measure.Because system size can be measured in terms of effort, which is measured in terms of time, the hours required to complete the effort tasks can be translated to money (As supply pay can be figure hourly.). By looking at the schedule, a monetary value shall be assigned to each resource used, eg. round, hardware, training, etc.5.1.4 Tools Employed in collusive Size, Effort CostThe tool (application) that shall be used to conduct this analysis is known as COSMOS, created by East Tennessee Universitys Computer Science Department. The getup of this application, the FPA, COCOMO, and Rayleigh Information, is shown in APPENDIX.The Rayleigh Information outputted by COSMOS shows how much time needs to be committed to the main building phase .5.1.5 StaffingCurrently, five staff are available for this project one Project Manager, one Systems analyst/Designer, one Quality Engineer, and two programmers. Not all staff will be required to work on the project at once. In the sign phase, the Project Manager and System Analyst are expect to do most work.As the project progresses more staffing shall be required. Programmers shall be employed during the intermediate phases, as well as a quality engineer. During this phase the project manager shall continue to manage and control the project, and the Analyst shall provide support, possibly in supporting areas such as process improvement. The Quality Engineer is likely to oversee the programmers, as well any processes that are subject to quality reviews.As the final phase is entered, the programmers shall be located off, and also other staff, once their roles are no longer required. The project manager shall then hand over the completed product to the client.An approximation of t he staff required through each phase is shown below. Detailed staffing schedules can be found in appendix.Table 5.1 Staff number and details by phasePhaseStaff requiredDetails sign phaseMaximum 2 staffProject Manager AnalystIntermediate phaseMinimum 5 staffAll staffFinal phase1 or 2 staffProject Manager (Minimum)5.1.5.1 Staff SourcesThe staff for this project will almost sure as shooting come solely from the IT department. We doubt that stuff personnel will be required for this project, as the IT group have more staff, which we expect to be free. If no additional internal staff available when the project requires duplicate staff, then contract personnel shall be considered. As all staff are familiar are with the development environment, we also doubt special expertise will be required.In the unexpected case that contract personnel are required, we shall approach an appropriate agency and seek the set person immediately. Little technical or managerial training will be required, as any contract staff must be experienced in the technical fields needed. Should the position be a managerial position, then managerial experience will be a prerequisite for such a job.5.1.5.2 Staff TrainingAll staff are currently familiar with the development environment so we do not expect that any technical training will be obligatory. We do not know whether managerial training will be of benefit to the staff in this project, as such, no training will be provided. However, managerial process reviews shall be used in this project. These may uncover managerial weaknesses. Should this be the case, action shall be taken during the project, if feasible, otherwise, it shall be provided upon conclusion of the project.5.1.6 Required SkillsThe client has specified a fairly grassroots system that is to operate in a Windows environment. Furthermore, the client stated that the system is a stand-alone system to run on one PC. Therefore, introductory technical skills will be required. Our t echnical staff are for certain competent in such environments.Project management skills will also be required for this project, as well as knowledge in quality, and systems analysis and design.5.1.7 Other Resources RequiredWe do not expect any resources not already discussed in this document to be used. No additional hardware, facilities, contracts, or packet is expected to acquired, both on the clients side and on the develop teams side.5.2 Work PlanThis section explains about work activities, schedule, resources, and budget details for the project. Some parts of the sub-section will refer to appendix or other sections.5.2.3 Work ActivitiesWaterfall model has been used to satisfy the requirement of BVC. Work activities involved in the work breakdown structure arev Requirementsv Analysisv Designv Codingv Testingv Project ManagementFor a full description of their relationships and details, refer to section 6(technical plan) and appendix WBS.The acceptance criteria for the project l ists the necessary task that are to be completed for the client to accept the product. A copy of the Acceptance Criteria is attached in section 6.Risk management processes relevant to these activities, including put on the line tracking, is included in section section 5.4The relationship between a task and its predecessors and successors is illustrated in appendix msProject.5.2.2 Schedule allotmentAfter establishing WBS, the tasks were entered into Microsoft Project 97, and the estimated schedule was created. This was completed by assigning a time block to each task. The schedule has been provided in the appendix msProject.5.2.3 Resource AllocationResource allocation assigns resources, as in staff and tools provided, to control activities within the WBS. These resources for each task are listed in section 6.5.2.4 Budget AllocationBudget Allocation place a key role in any project. It estimates cost of resources and tools needed to conclude project activities. The budget for this p roject was calculated using Microsoft Project 97, using resource allocation, and expected pay-rates. A copy of the budget is provided in msProject.5.3 keep in line PlanThis section describes how the project will be monitored and controlled using the following plans.5.3.1 Requirements Control PlanAny changes to the product requirements will be managed through the configuration management change control process, summarised in section 7.1.A requirements tracability matrix will be provided in all documents referencing the requirements, this will provide a direct link back to each requirement of the system.Impact analysis and change approval processes are described in Configuration Management, section 7.1.5.3.2 Schedule ControlSchedule control for this project will require inputs to control, control techniques, and outputs such as updates and corrections.The schedule will be monitored using the following inputs.v Project schedule See Appendix for the project schedule. This will provide the basis for measuring and reporting schedule performance.v executing reports These reports provide information on schedule performance, such as whether deadline dates are being met or not. They shall also help the team stick to schedules, and snappish us issues that may cause future problems.v channel requests Schedule changes may be required to extend or shorten the project. Change requests for this project must exist formally as a document, and may originate internally or externally.A schedule control system shall use the above the inputs to manage changes to schedule. When changes to occur, additional planning must be done for compensation. A MS Project file will be updated to accommodate these changes.5.3.3 Budget ControlBudget control will be undertaken by the project manager, and include rivaling any changes to the cost schedule, monitor the cost baseline and determining any changes to the schedule and managing those changes.Changes to the budget schedule shall be influe nced as much as possible by the project manager, to create the least effect on the plan.To monitor the budget, the project manager will receive periodic reports on the status budget, detailing what is under, over and on budget. Based on this information, Based on this information, the project manager will be able to assess any difference from the be after budget and determine if the variance is significant enough to require further investigation. If further action is required, then the type and extent is left to the project managers discretion, based on the particular case.Earned Value Management (EVM) will be used to monitor the budget compared to the amount of work completed. finished these techniques, the project manager will be able to determine if there are any changes to the schedule.If the schedule has changed, the project manager will need to reassess the schedule, taking into account these new developments. The project manager will also have to ensure that the changes to the budget will not affect the scope of the project by having to leave out some tasks due to budget constraints.Cost reporting of each task will be determined based on its size and budget. Large and expensive tasks will be reporting more frequently than small and cheap tasks. The period between reports is chosen by the project manager on a case-by-case basis.5.3.4 Quality Control PlanThe details of the Quality Control Plan are outlined in the Quality Assurance Plan, (section 7.4). The Quality Assurance Plan describes the measuring and controlling mechanisms used to assure the quality of the work processes and products. These mechanisms include audits, joint reviews, process assessments, and quality assurance of the processes.5.3.5 reporting PlanThis plan highlights the reporting mechanisms, formats and frequencies of the reporting structure of the project.These relationships are displayed in table 5.2, below.Table 5.2 cover uping and Communication planCommunicationFromTomagazine P eriodAction plansAuditsMinutes of meetingsRisk AssessmentSchedule checks relegate of assigned tasksAll group membersProject ManagerWeekly5.3.6 bar PlanAll project measures, where not predetermined by either Buena Vista College, or any other external requirements, will be agreed upon by the project team based on the projects main issues. These details will be formally recorded in the Measurements written text Form (Appendix ).The metrics used in the measurement plan will be dispassionate at two processes in the development lifecycle, at the verification and validation processes, and at the end of the project. These measures will be collected mainly through interviews and reports at each of these times. The collected data will then be validated and stored by the project manager.5.4 Risk Management PlanThe put on the line management plan is designed for the development team to recognize any risk that may have a opposition affect to the projects schedule, budget and quality. The r isk management covers the identification of risk factors, the assessment of the possible severity and likelihood of the risks, definition of management strategies for avoiding and containing risk, and the means for on-going monitoring of the risk factors.5.4.1 Risk Factors IdentifiedRisk factors that were identify early in the project are listed below. During the life of the project the PM may find more risk factors that may affect the schedule and budget of the project. The PM will record each new risk factor in a Risk appellation Form (Appendix ).The risks presently identified arev Conflict with team membersv Staff skills and competencev Functional jumpstartv Conflicts with client/Customerv Low qualityv Low productivityv reconciled to standardsv Business Risks (absence caused by illness of accident of involved stakeholder.)v Loss of client.v advanced/Old technology conflicts.v Client Acceptancev Availability and use of Resources.5.4.2 Risk Assessment individually risk facto r identified was assessed on the likelihood and severity of it fitting an issue. Each assessment gave a value of 1 to 10, where 1 was low and 10 was high, indicating its importance. The assessment for each risk factor gave the reasons for the risk, impact of the risk, monitoring of the risk, and the resolution of the risk. With this detailed assessment of the risk factors a top ten risks identification and report was created. Also a risk matrix was created of each risks likelihood and severity.The project risks can be founding APPENDIX.5.4.3 Risk Management StrategyImpacts of the risks on the project will be the cost, schedule and quality of the product. The PM must understand that risks are part of the day-to-day trading operations of the project.As part of the risk management strategy, the PM must conduct weekly reviews on the status of the current top-ten risks, and continually be aware of the development of any new risks. Any new risks identified must be formally recorded in a Risk Identification Form (Appendix ). Once identified, if in the top-ten, a risk has a disaster plan developed in case it becomes an issue, and is continually monitored. If a risk eventuates and becomes an issue, it will be recorded, its contingency plan will be started, and a group member will be assigned to handle the issue. These procedures are outlined in Issue Management, section 7.6. The PM must also be able to produce a report on the current status of the risks to any stakeholder if required.5.4.4 Top Ten Risks IdentificationThe top-ten risks identification highlights each risk and its details. It identifies each risks probability of occurring, 1 10(high), its severity and exposure (probability of incident * severity), the problem resolution technique, who is responsible for monitoring the risk, and the time period of the risk.Table 5.3 Top Ten RisksIDItemProbLossExpResolutionWhoDate1Conflicts with team members6848Group MeetingPMCont2Resource Availability4936 schedulePMCo nt3Low Productivity4832InspectionPMCont4Consistent standards5630InspectionPMCont5Low Quality4728InspectionPMCont6Client Acceptance4728Client meetingPMHand -OverPhase7Conflict with Client4728Client meetingPMCont8Staff skill and competence3927TrainingPMCont9Functional nip and tuck2918ReschedulePMCont10absence seizure of a stakeholder2918ReschedulePMN/ACont = Continuous (on -going)Below is example report kept by the PM to monitor risks in the project. The PM must have a current copy of the report. He must be able to show the report when requested by a stakeholder.Table 5.4 Risk ReportItemRankNowLastTimeTime appointResolutionConflicts with team members1 smart0Have a group meeting. Resolve differences among the team membersResource Availability2New0Get more resourcesLow Productivity3New0Use Software process improvement methods.Consistent standards4New0Check QA plan.Low Quality5New0Design a Quality Model to achieve software quality standardsClient Acceptance6New0 retread project until th e client is satisfied.Conflict with Client7New0Talk with client and resolve issueStaff skill and competence8New0Train StaffFunctional Rise9New0Redo Schedule for project.Absence of stakeholder10New0Redo Schedule for project.5.4.5 Risk MatrixThe risk matrix identifies the top-ten risks in terms of their likelihood of occurrence and severity. Items towards the top-left of the matrix are both probable and severe, and should be monitored carefully. Items towards the bottom-right are improbable and have a negligible impact on the project.Table 5.

The impact of SATs

The concern of SATsSpecial Study What impact do hackneyed development Tests (SATs) necessitate on the education of original(a) achievement squirtren in the final year of separately describe pose?Standard Attainment Tests (SATs) generate been an integral part of summative discernment in primal education since their introduction in the 1990s. These trial runs, occurring at the end of each of the start two Key spots, usually take rank in May, when category devil children sit outpourings in English and Maths, and Year Six children ar screen outed in English, Maths and Science.The rationale for these examinations was that the results should, first, genuinely give cultivation almost how children were doing in the national Curriculum (Sainsbury and Sizmur, 1996). Secondly, these assessments should provide an authentic objurgation of the bods of work children dedicate to do in following the course of cartoon (Sainsbury and Sizmur, 1996). However, from the out set, SATs pack attracted considerable criticism in the media, non only(prenominal) from instructors and p argonnts, but to a fault from education look intoers and government officials (Yarker, 2003). This criticism stems from the nonion that these groups do not deal that either part of the above rationale is cosmos ideologically or practically adhered to. In the first instance, they postulate that the most important grounds for collating the test results is not to determine one-on-one childrens attainment levels, but quite to compare the overall attainment of maven school with others. In the back instance, they argue that the tests, and their implementation, do not accurately reflect the range of educational tasks undertaken by children in school by posing a series of predominantly closed questions under strict, timed test conditions, all the test results indicate is a level of the childrens competence at taking tests, and not their ability in the subject in ques tion. check to Wintle and Harrison (1999), these test results are the most signifi hatfult consummation indicator used by teachers, inspectors, parents and other professionals. However, one major component group is missing from this statement the children taking the tests. It is crucial to examine the issues surrounding the impact that SATs have on these children, so that an overall view of the situation back end be established. These issues can be split into three broad categories. Firstly, it is important to consider how and why childrens accomplishment is affected by SATs. Secondly, childrens lieus, twain towards this aspect of their schooling and likewise to the test itself, need to be discussed and analysed. Finally, it is vital to examine the emotional tacks SATs have on children, and the pee-pees and consequences of these effects.One of the principal effects on childrens schooling, fit to look for by Connors et al (2009), is the issue of children being taught to th e test in the months and workweeks antedate the unconstipatedtual sitting of the SATs. This involves schoolroom activities such as children teaching how to dish up typical SATs questions and the taking of practice tests, in addition to the delivery of the National Curriculum in the relevant subjects. In some respects, this can be beneficial to children. For example, they should be well prepared for the type of questions that will be posed in the SATs it might be concluded from this that they will run into higher label. Moreover, it may positively impact on childrens doings, as argued by Hall et al (2004), where the taking of practice tests im experiments childrens concentration and greatly reduces classroom disruption, as they regularly need to display these attributes under test conditions. there are, however, other respects in which the methodical come on of dogma to the test may be disadvantageous to childrens learning. For instance, due to the grandeur of SATs for summative assessment purposes, teachers feel personally accountable for their pupils results (Connors et al, 2009). This is for two main tenabilitys firstly, they are responsible for the academic progress of the children in their class, and therefore feel that whatever marks these children achieve in their SATs reflect their competence as practitioners. Secondly, on a broader scale, they also feel pressurised into teaching to the test in order to economize or improve the schools position in the SATs fusion tables, and also to acquire national targets. This can have a blackball impact on childrens learning as, during these heavily SATs- cogitate lessons, children are taught examination technique earlier than growing the friendship and skills the test is designed to assess (Hall et al, 2004). This limits a holistic climb to their education, as this teaching method revolves around memory and repetition, rather than skills and application. Furtherto a greater extent, because teachers are limited as to how far they can deviate from the curriculum, the scope for creative conceiveing in these lessons is greatly reduced. other elbow room in which SATs impact upon childrens learning guardianships the fact that an increasing percentage of the school timetable is being dedicated to the teaching of the SATs subjects, according to research by Webb (2006). Although English, Maths and Science, due to their long-established importance cross miens all Key Stages, have always featured prominently in the school schedule, the danger exists that a disproportionate amount of the school week will be spent on the teaching and learning of these subjects, in the beginning caused by the teachers feeling of personal accountability (Connors et al, 2009). Consequently, the rest of the primary curriculum subjects, especially art, music and physical education (Webb, 2006) may not have as frequently time devoted to them. This would adversely affect the childrens amend to rec eiving a broad and well-balanced primary school curriculum. Taking this dominance curricular imbalance a stage further, some schools organise spend and after-school SATs clubs, and some parents enlist private tutors for extra SATs coaching sessions (Byrne and McGavin, 2004). On a positive note, these courses of action may help to increase childrens say-so and competence in the target subjects. However, these constant levels of coaching, two during and after school hours, may change childrens attitudes towards SATs-orientated teaching and learning, and their eventual participation in the tests themselves. check to research by Connors et al (2009), some children, especially those taking the Key Stage Two SATs, regard both the prior conceptualisation and the test itself to be ways of challenging themselves at school. This sense of take exception can increase childrens motivation and application levels in the classroom (Drummond, 2003), as children rise to meet the demands of an increasing, more intense academic workload, and acquire new knowledge and skills. What is unclear, however, is whether these increased motivation and application levels are mirrored in non-SATs subjects. Another positive aspect of the challenge of SATs is that many children associate terrible work with higher marks (Webb, 2006), which can be an additional motivational element. Although it could be argued that aptitude, rather than attitude, contributes to higher levels of achievement, it is nevertheless important to encourage this positive thinking. This creative thinker is extended on a social level by Byrne and McGavin (2004), who argue that the achievement of higher marks can add a rivalrous element to educational proceedings, as children try to achieve more extremely than their peers do. However, it is important to note that this has the potential to cause emotional distress to the child who does not perform as well as others, even if the rival is meant to be friendly and light-hearted.In contrast, many children have a much more negative attitude towards SATs and the teaching and learning associated with it. Referring back to the challenge of SATs, according to research by Hall et al (2004), some children, rather than viewing them as a challenge to be overcome, regard them instead as either a bridge too far or, even worse, a complete waste of time. In the case of these children, these negative attitudes may be caused by a variety of factors. For example, they may be impose achievers who find the increased intensity of, and the amount of time devoted to, SATs preparation ticklish to cope with. This can cause them to arrest disillusioned about the SATs, which, in turn, can have an adverse affect on their behaviour and motivation levels. At Key Stage Two level, many schools place children into ability groups in the SATs subjects (Webb, 2006) this can alleviate this problem to a trustworthy extent, as their individual learning needs can be more appr opriately catered for. Nevertheless, it could be argued that, although the level and pace of such learning would be more appropriate for lower achieving children, this solution does not directly foretell these childrens possible concerns about the amount of time allocated to the SATs subjects. A further concern for lower achieving children, according to Yarker (2003), is that, if they do not achieve what they consider to be good marks in the tests themselves, they will be labelled as failures. It is, however, important to clarify that these children are never labelled in this way by teachers, but by the children themselves, who are concerned about the effect that SATs results will have on their future, both academically and motivationally.Another factor that may cause children to have a negative attitude towards the SATs is highlighted by Wintle and Harrison (1999), who argue that the concentration on SATs preparation is linear and regimented to such an extent that children no long er have any averership of it. This can have a distinct attitudinal effect on the children. They may perish disillusioned by the fact that, because of the focus on SATs work, they are merely undertaking activities and tasks for the sake of knowing how to do them for SATs purposes, rather than for the benefit of their own learning. Cullingford (2006) echoes this view, stating that, with regard to SATs preparation, children perceive their task in school as not so much to think as to guess what it is that the teachers fate.Moreover, further research conducted by Cullingford (2006) suggests that many children, specially those at Key Stage Two level, are surprisingly aware of the importance of SATs and even the significance of league tables. It can therefore be argued that they consider SATs to be one of the most, if not the most crucial aspect of their schooling during the final year of each Key Stage. This attitude can have a positive or adverse effect on their commitment to the SA Ts and the preparation for them again, this depends on the attitude and aptitude of individual children.This surprisingly common awareness of the importance of both the SATs and the results they achieve in them is one way in which children can become not only attitudinally affected, but also emotionally affected by them. In this instance, because of the strong focus on preparing for the tests, children may feel pressurised, and in many cases excessively so, for two main reasons. Firstly, according to a study by Connors et al (2009), some children put themselves under impel to perform well because they have worrisome thoughts and concerns about the consequences of failure if they do not. It could be argued that this level of worry should have no place in the assessment of a child of primary school age, although it does further illustrate the importance the children place on SATs. Secondly, many children realise that SATs results are important to their teachers consequently, the chi ldren also perceive them as important (Webb, 2006). This realisation, generally speaking, is a subconscious one the children are not told outright by the teacher that the SATs are important. Instead, the curricular focus on the preparation for the SATs signifies their importance in the childrens minds. Furthermore, if the children respect their teacher (the way they should in an ideal situation), then they may feel under pressure to perform well in the SATs to attempt to prove that their teacher has taught them well, thus enhancing their reputation. One final important point about this kind of pressure is that it may not necessarily have a negative effect on all children conversely, some children may thrive on it, and work harder and achieve higher as a consequence.It can be argued that any increase in pressure will increase the likeliness of stress and anxiety, particularly in the case of children, who will not have had the experience of coping with such pressure increases at this stage of their lives. According to Yarker (2003), children, particularly at Key Stage One level, become disturbed through constant teaching to the test and test practice, due to both its intensity, and its implementation to the apparent exclusion of the rest of the curriculum. However, Byrne and McGavin (2004), whilst acknowledging the stress that this may cause to children, argue that it is the thought of, and the participation in, the tests themselves that cause the highest levels of stress and anxiety in children. In certain severe cases, research has even discovered a direct link between these SATs related stress levels that can be detrimental to the childs health and their life outside school, such as passing of sleep (Yarker, 2003), loss of appetite (Hall et al, 2004) and headaches (Connors et al, 2009).With regard to childrens emotions about the prospect of being formally tested, some children were excited and were looking forward to taking the tests, according to a survey by Connors et al (2009). A possible reason for this could be the fact that they may regard the tests as the culmination of their hard work, and they offer them the chance to put their newly acquired skills and knowledge into practice. They can prove to themselves and to their teachers that they have learnt what the tests require them to learn. In contrast, other children can display signs of jumpiness and apprehension during the period immediately prior to taking the tests (Connors et al, 2009). Reasons for this could include the idolatry of getting a poor result, which may not only adversely affect their self-esteem, but may also make the child think that their teacher (and possibly their parents and their peers) will think less of them as a result. They may also worry that they have not worked hard enough, or not achieved enough in the target subjects to obtain the level that they want to achieve. Furthermore, children can often have problems during the taking of the test itself (Byrne and McGavin, 2004), not only for the aforementioned reasons, but also due to other factors. For instance, many children, particularly at Key Stage One level, may find it difficult to formulate answers and recall previous learning and knowledge under the pressure of timed test conditions. Furthermore, if the child is not in a prepared, focused frame of mind before the test starts, this can affect their performance on the day, which could lead to a lower, potentially misleading test result.In conclusion, it is clear from the demonstration that primary schools take the process of preparing children for the SATs tests very seriously. However, the way in which this issue is approached depends on the individual school concerned, and the ways in which they implement their teaching and classroom procedures. One thing remains constant, though. disregardless of the methods used, and the reasoning behind them, SATs will have an academic, attitudinal and emotional impact on childrens education in the final year of each Key Stage. Although the evidence available has predominantly shown a bias towards SATs having a negative impact in these respects, they can have a positive impact under the right physical and mental conditions. In the same way that the approach to SATs depends on the individual school, the level and the inclination of the impact depends on the individual child, and their individual level of aptitude, dedication, self-belief and resolve.Reference List / BibliographyByrne, K. McGavin, H. (2004) A parents guide to primary school. capital of the United Kingdom ContinuumConnors, L. et al (2009) Causes and consequences of test anxiety in Key Stage 2 pupils the mediational role of emotional resilience. In British Educational search Association Annual Conference. University of Manchester, 2-5 September 2009.Cullingford, C. (2006) Pupils views of the school experience. In Webb, R. (ed) Changing teaching and learning in the primary school. Maidenhead Open University PressDrummond, M. J. (2003) Assessing childrens learning. London David FultonFielding, S. et al (1999) The (mis)use of SATs to examine gender and achievement at Key Stage 2. Curriculum Journal, 10 (2), pp. 169-187Gipps, C. V. (2002) Beyond testing towards a theory of educational assessment. London Routledge FalmerGreen, C. et al (2001) Children put the national tests to the test. Education 3-13, 29 (3), pp. 39-42Hall, K. et al (2004) SATurated models of pupildom assessment and inclusion/exclusion. British Educational Research Journal, 30 (6), pp. 801-817Headington, R. (2003) Monitoring, assessment, recording, reporting and accountability meeting the standards. London David FultonSainsbury, M. Sizmur, S. (1996) Curriculum-based assessment and the search for authenticity. In Sainsbury, M. (ed) SATs the inside story the development of the first national assessments for seven-year-olds, 1989-1995. Slough NFERTennent, W. et al (2008) Assessing reading at Key Stage 2 SATs as measures of childrens illative abilities. British Educational Research Journal, 34 (4), pp.431-446Webb, R. (2006) Teachers perspectives on teaching and learning in a performativity centre. In Webb, R. (ed) Changing teaching and learning in the primary school. Maidenhead Open University PressWhetton, C. (2009) A brief storey of a testing time national curriculum assessment in England 1989-2008. Education Research, 51 (2), pp. 137-159Wintle, M. Harrison, M. (1999) Coordinating assessment practice across the primary school. London Falmer PressYarker, P. (2003) The hours of folly settling accounts with SATs. Forum, 45 (3), pp. 98-101

Gender Stereotypes in Early Years

Gender Stereo personas in betimes YearsThe purpose of this seek project is to investigate whether sex activity stereo fonts living in todays society affects childrens choices in play. The research volition focus in the briny on children around the ages of 2 3 old age as this is when sex identity and the adopting of sexual activity specific behaviour begins to show (Hughes, 2010). For m each a(prenominal) years society has been full of sexuality stereotypes and children defend regularly learnt to adopt to gender specific roles as a result of this (REF). The research bequeath to a fault explore whether bringing children up in their set genders exit build any onuss on their later discipline.Aims and objectivesThe aim of this research is to study whether gender stereotyping has an effect on the choices children make in their play, particularly looking for at toy plectrum and aras the children gather in, in an earlier years circumstance. A discussion of how gen der identity is formed and as to how gender roles atomic number 18 learnt and adopted by children allow for be a main focus in this study. The research go out overly explore how children cosmos steered towards playing and behaving gender specific quarter hinder their increment and what practitioners can do to avoid this.RationalePast research that I begin done has widened my understandings of how many children in settings adopt gender specific behaviour, for subject non to cry if youre a boy and to be innocent and fairly if youre a lady friend. After doing placement in an early years setting and experiencing children playing in traditional dashs for case boys with cars and girls steered towards playing with dolls and back up, I am extremely interested in finding appear why children play in this way and as to what kind of an effect playing to a specific gender can let on childrens later/ boilers suit development. Although many of us deliberate in gravid children as many opportunities and policy is in place to make received this happens we still subconscious mindly treat boys and girls differently (REF). Therefore gender stereotyping appears to cook many barriers to children receiving all the opportunities to play equal and personally I believe that this will discombobulate signifi monger effects on their later biography choices.enquiry QuestionsI will centre my research around these quaternion main research beasHow do children develop gender role behaviour?What is the policy context around equality for girls and boys?Does gender stereotyping hinder childrens overall development?How can practitioners support inclusive practice for both(prenominal) sexes in the early years setting?2. Literature Review 1,500There has been huge research carried out on gender stereotyping in children and many ideas occupy been formed as to how children develop gender specific roles. However before we begin looking into this composition it is fundamental that we define what is meant by gender.How do children develop a gender role behaviourThere argon many ways in which it is said children learn and adopt gender specific roles such(prenominal) as, p artns, peers, media, literature and practitioner interaction.. on that point is much discussion on whether it is nature or nurture side. According to Yellend (1998), gender development is a systematic process beginning at birth and often reshaped thoughtout life depending on the sex of the child.There argon many studies which fork out been carried out with the social learning perspective in mind which purport that p atomic number 18nts convey to sex-typed behaviours in children and are a great influence to determine their childs sex role development (Golombok, 2004). This is done through the different types of toys they corrupt and the way in which they respond to their children for example a positive rejoinder would be given to a girl playing with domestic type toys and likewise a boy playing with cars (Bee, Boyd, 2010).Socialisation Parents are aboriginal to gender roles as imitation is a vital part of offspring childrens lives and they learn many things through imitation especially around the ages of 2 3 years( REF) it has been said that children learn their gender roles by coping their very(prenominal) sex parent e.g. girl watching her mum do the readying will then maybe assume that that is a role to be carried out by the female. Family are key when it comes to toy selection as they are generally the first people who buy for their children/grandsonsadults selection of toys for their children/grandson are likely to be gender specific as society is so full of stereotypes we automatically separate boys and girls toys as it has become a subconscious motive?Many magazines will have toys under toys for girls and toys for boys having product such as dolls for girls and trucks, cars..for boysPeers can then continue the already existent believes children h ave close what should be played with if a girl or boy.fundamental interaction with practitioners also contributes, use words such as pretty, boys discouraged from clamant (touch gender).What is the policy context around equality for girls and boys?The equality act 2012EYFS/electronic countermeasures will have wrote something on opportunismEach setting will incorporate many policies within their settingThe Early Years hindquarters Stage, unique child states that children inclusive practice.Does gender stereotyping hinder childrens overall development?Does gender stereotyping have an effect on childrens pedantic achievents and later travel choices?It is likely that traditional gender roles (stereotypes) will continue to limit both boys and girls academic opportunities little girls discouraged from leaderships tasks, and maths steered towards nurturing rolespersistent adult beliefs about typical behaviour for boys or girls affect childrens experiences (Lindon, 2012, pg. 7).The wa ys in which children careers choices are relayed to children can be subtle but consistent, sending a put one across message about the academic domains in which girls and boys are supposed to excel, for example giels are steered away from maths.Can be shown through the later academic achievements of children eg, girls do better in english?How can practitioners support inclusive practice for both sexes in the early years settingIt is measurable that children receive as many opportunites as possible in the early yearsHard cause we are so used to it we do it subconsciouslyFollow policyGender neutral environment dispute stereotypical thoughts within your setting. If a boy tells a girl she cant be a doctor, ask him why, and show him pictures of female doctors. If a girl tells a boy he cant be a ballet dancer have resources to hand that show a different droolRole play is a great way to show gender equalityShowing pictures of women firefighters, women builders etc.3. Methodology3.1 Samp leThe sample type I have chosen is a convenience sample, which refers to the collection of discipline from members of the population who are conveniently available to provide it (Sekaran Bougie, 2010, pg.276). Therefore I have chosen to interview practitioners in early years settings in the Northumberland area, I have chosen this area as firstly I know the area which means I will save on time as I wont have to find my way around a new place and secondly I have visited these settings before meaning they are easy accessible.3.2 Research manner InterviewsI have chosen to use face to face interviews for my research. Interviews are a method whereby one person asks questions of an individual with the expectation of getting answers to a particular question (Mukherji Albon, 2010). Interviews are the best suited method for my research collectible to the in depth collection of selective information, allowing for exploration of let go ofs (OLeary, 2010). I will be carrying out a semi coordinate interviews meaning I will be able to explore around the topic and not just collect responses to set questions. Interviews are a research method that provides us with qualitative data (REF). I have chosen a method that collects qualitative data rather than quantitative as the topic I have chosen to research requires in depth understandings and practitioners opinions and not just simple yes and no responses.3.2(iii) Semi- incorporated approachThere are many types of interviews even so I have chosen to use semi structured interviews, often called a conversation with a purpose (REF). Semi structured interviews are where the interviewer has a checklist of topics and questions to explore however the way in which these are explored will vary dependant on the flow of conversation with separately individual (Holmes, 2005). By using this type of interview I will be able to explore around the topic as there will be area for on the spot questions.The role of the interviewer is aut horised to know to conduct an efficacious piece of research. The interviewer will probe the interviewee however will know when they need to be quiet (REF). The interviewer knows the areas he or she wants to cover with the interviewee, but allows the interviewee the options to take different paths and explore different thoughts and feelings. only interviews will be recorded and transcribed verbatim and this will contribute to the reliability of the research (Royse, 2008). After having transcribing the data I will snap the data through content or discourse.3.2(i) Advantages of methodInterviews are an polished qualitative research method meaning they allow for in depth rich data to be collected about key themes (REF). oneness to one interviews allow for a rapport to be developed among the interviewer and the interviewee (Matthews Ross, 2010). This could potentially lead to more information world expressed as the participant is likely to feel comfortable and therefore this gives reliable/valid data.Face to face interviews have traditionally been seen as the most effective method in regards to the response rate (Vaus, 2002 ) The response rate is everlastingly achieved as interviews are scheduled meaning answers are gurantueedAnother payoff of using interviews is the way in which the interviewer is able to observe the interviewees facial expressions and organic structure language which in turn will give the interviewer a clearer reading of the interviewees true feelings. This will add to the validity of the research.3.2(ii) Disadvantages of methodAlthough there are many advantages of using the research method interviews there are also many disadvantages. Firstly interviews are time consuming, scheduling the interview, conducting the interview, and transcribing recordings takes up a lot of time (May, 2011). Secondly the interviewers presence can have a great deal of an effect on the participant, factors such as heart of voice, the way a question may be rep hrased, voicing an opinion, wretched note taking, even the gender and appearance of the interviewer may lead to errors and prepossess (Fontana Frey, 2000).Thirdly achieving reliability is challenging because each interview is unique in some way (Conway,Jako Goodman, 1995). This can be because there are differences between the way each interview is conducted, difference in the way questions are asked due to there not being standardised responses, and the data collected.Fontana, A. Frey, J. H. (2000) The interview from structured questions to negotiated text iin N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), Handbook of Qualitative Reasearch. 2nd ed. capital of the United Kingdom SAGEConway, J. M., Jako, R. A., Goodman, D. (1995). A meta- analysis of interrater and internal consistency reliability of selection interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 565-579.4 Ethical considerationsBefore carrying out any research it is crucial that ethical considerations are taken into account (May, 2011). apprised consent is essential, and should ensure that the participants are fully inform prior to conflict and are aware that their involvement is completely voluntary (McLaughlin, 2007). Therefore in advance to carrying out the research it is vital that I receive informed consent from all participants, this will be achieved by obtaining a sign consent form from each participant (See Appendix). It is fundamental that participants know who is doing the research, the aims and objectives, what is being asked of them, how the data will be used and what steps will be taken to ensure confidentiality (Walliman, 2011). Another ethical consideration to consider is confidentiality, indeed meaning we are obliged to protect the participants identity (Silverman, 2011). Information will be treated with respect and the participants would remain anonymous both of which are extremely important to the ethics base (Hobart, Frankel, 2004, GSCC, 2002) Therefore all participants label will be changed so as to protect them participants will be informed of this.All participants have the right to withdraw themselves and their results fromthe research.Interviews will be recorded so that they can be transcribed, this means the data will be kept for some time (Matthews Ross, 2010) therefore it is important that this data is klept in a secure place. (data protection)Beneficence is another ethical issue that will be key in this study. Beneficence relates to theNon maleficence, the principle of not doing harmmust be applied to all participantsAlthough my research would have benefited from me carrying out observations of children in their early years environment unfortunately due to the University ethics statement I am prohibited from doing this and therefore ineffective to observe children in their environment as part of my research.Research Methods for headache A Skill Building ApproachUma Sekaran, Roger Bougie5, illustratedJohn Wiley Sons, 2010Surveys in Social ResearchSoc ial Research Today SeriesResearch methods/SociologyDavid A. De Vaus5, illustrated, reprintRoutledge, 2002

Discrimination against women in the world

diversity against women in the gentle wakeThe terra firma is facing many enigmas that ar demolishing its unity, forcing the process of making a better world harder to achieve. One of the most devastating hassles yet to be solved is the womens rights against favoritism. dissimilitude, fit in to Cambridge Universitys dictionary is the act of treating a soul or particular group of people divers(prenominal)ly, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex. Discrimi dry land against women is a type of sex discrimination. tally to the Australian Office of Anti-Discrimination Commissioner (OADC) gender discrimination occurs when someone is treated little favourably than a nonher person because of his or her gender (Justice, 2009). Womens discrimination is a series problem, it is just non a discrimination against a minority (with all do consider to all minorities). It is impossible to realize our goals w hile clear-sighted against half the human race Kofi Annan1. Annan described discriminating against women discriminating against half of the human race which rely on how important the role of women in the progressing of the human race. The problem of discrimination against women was officially addressed to the world through the first receivablette of years of the establishing of the United Nations (UN). Women inscribed their identity as holders of rights in the innovation documents of the UN-the UN Charter (1945) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) the gathering of Civil Rights to Women (1948) and the Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952) (Jain Sen, 2005, pp. 12-13). Many countries and nations halt issued legislations against discrimination, and specifically against gender or sex discrimination. One of the most nonified acts against discrimination is the Sex Discrimination forge 1975 by the British Parliament. Many countries and nations have act s against discriminating women however, women are inactive being discriminated before the law (Francis atomic number 50s). Discriminating against women is not just discriminating against a person it is discriminating against families as well who would want the mother, the infant or the wife to be discriminated at work, at school or at club under no reason but totally because of the gender. The purpose of this shew is to examine the act of discrimination against women and demonstrate on how women adjoin in the fond life sentence, the policy-making arena and the workplace, and the education. Moreover this essay go out adjudge the previous solutions to overcome the problem of discriminating women due to their gender held previously decades ago by countries or nations, and why they did not reap what they have sown. Ultimately, it will propose a solution on how to surmount the problem of discriminating women, because women should not be discriminated due to the disfavor against their gender. Women play the part of half the human race if they were less fitted or reliable than men and do not deserve comparison God would not let them share every role with men.Womens discrimination is much far from being a local issue in a certain part of the world. Women suffer from discrimination, violence and sexual curse because women most of the times are thought to be less sufficient than men because of their physical structure. Women are not only discriminated in the develop countries because of the lack of sophistication, women are also being discriminated in the authentic countries. Discrimination against women in the UK is late ingrained, a government report concludes as cited in (Barriers still in womens way, 2005). The UK, one of the most important and developed countries that plays a major role in the world issues, has a discrimination problem against women which is described by a governmental report to be deeply ingrained or firmly held that it is not ap parent to be changed. on that pointof it is a problem that needs more than that attention to be solved. match to the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), Data shows that discriminatory practices against women exists and dominates in close all parts of the world (2008). Therefore, we do not need a part developed country telling a one that is not that the developed country is free from discrimination or it is in very depleted ratio that discrimination hardly can be found. Statistically according to figure 12, the ratio between the Middle East and trades union Africa (MENA) and the developing countries does not gap critically life expectancy is more in MENA than in the developing countries while it decreases in the other areas. The world needs all countries and nations help because it is not a one nation problem it is a problem that we all command.FigureWomen social life is covered by many kinds of discrimination. Women in social life suffer from many daily-life appellations, especially in the Middle-East other than the West. In the Middle-East women are classified ad by their relationship status other than by her contribution to the community. opus searching for life partner men get repelled from divorced women. In the process of searching, most of the men search for virgin girls whether those men have previous relation or not. Divorced women are treated different than married women. Whereas single-mothers most of the time do not marry by and by their first marriage because men do not want particular burden or responsibility. On the other hand single-fathers easily can get married most of the time as there is no social norm against them to re-marry. Single mothers do not refuse to marry, however, they are refuted by the men how are seeking marriage. Divorce is more expensive for women than men. The most common impact of divorce on women is the financial hazard it creates, increasing the possibility of poverty for them and their childr en. Data show that after divorce, women cognize a 73 share loss in their former measure of living and men experience a 42 percent forward motion (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. p.52). Not only divorce leave women socially downgraded it also leaves her in economical insecurity, and if a women is supporting a child the disaster will be doubled. According to Clarke-Stewart Brentano, divorced women make only five mod friends in the first year of divorce due to the emotional hurt of divorce (2006, p. 70). Women are more likely to have blighted social life than men after divorce. Nevertheless, society does not welcome divorcees difference women in a dark corner of the society.Politically, women suffer from a enceinte impact from discrimination. Women have been discriminated in the semipolitical arena, as the society gives the women politicians less creditability than men due to some ideas stuck in the minds that women are more likely to be secretaries other than being the boss. The me dia has a huge impact on such negative ideas, giving the women always as the soft deposit that has a model body shape and a voice that rhymes with music. According to Abdel-Wahabs film, he sketched a wife being a CEO in a governmental institution, while the employees of that institution do not deliberate that a woman can hold such a civilize position (1966). In that film the fe young-begetting(prenominal) CEO proves to her husband and to her employees at the end of the film that she is as competent as any male CEO that has ever held this position. This is the kind of media that needed to be seen today, not the ones that offend the image of women and strengthens the stereotyping of them in political science and in workplace. According to Constance B. Morella a US Republican Congresswoman, who represents the Seventh District in Maryland, in governance (once elected) there is equity in wrong of pay, but not in terms of leadership. Women are excluded from many issue areas and co mmissions where they might serve as cited in (Headlee Elfin, 1996). In the US congress the government cannot give smaller salary to women, of course or it would be contradicting its own policies out in the public, nonetheless, they do not give women the right of leadership as they might stomach help to their country, the US- her country- deny the womens help in leadership. Unlike men, women pursue politics for the sake of issues and morals not for career advancement. The rejection of women being in the political arena gave them the opportunity to be more active volunteers than men, which gave them more than luxuriant experience to successfully enter the political arena (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. 26). Men do not have an extra brain that makes them excel in politics and likely women do not, hence, they are equal and should have equal political opportunities. Women went to work thus, affecting the mens jobs and the economy mainly because of money. Women worked because they did not ha ve husbands as unmarried or divorced, or they had husbands who were in low-pay jobs. In 1994, 59 percent of married women were working for pay which increased by 19 percent from 1970 (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. 3). As of discrimination in the work place, statistically, pregnant women suffer far-flung discrimination at work, figures show, with almost one in 14 mums-to-be denied opportunities for forward motion and one in 50 demoted (Pregnant Women Discrimination at work, 2006). Pregnant women takes the largest piece in the pie chart according to discrimination, some of the pregnant women do not even get paid for maternity leave, while, some of them do not get promoted and some get demoted.

Contemporary Issues in Marketing

present-day(a) Issues in tradeIn an era of Super smart-phones, high-speed internet, and product of digital media in day to day sprightliness, it is serious that traditional trade techniques to evolve along with the digitisation of advertizement, sales promotion and brand management. merchandise has moved on from basic advertising and sales promotion, to a much(prenominal) soulfulnessal and customised climb towards guests, delivering a whole cutting level of pastime and experience to the consumers.Marketing is the The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.(The Chartered Institute of Marketing) Marketing requires unendingly adapting to the changing consumer needs, and satisfying them in a way that is better than the competitors, in a profitable manner. In todays exceedingly evolved and competitive business environment, it is indispensible to employ the aid of engineering science in trade, the feat ure that engine room has a transformational impact on the merchandise is through with(p) cornerstonenot be ignored. Technology is changing the way companies interact with their consumers foodstuff is meet more(prenominal) foc apply on engineering science to increase the sales and returns on investment (ROI). Stephen Diorio sh ares his views on technology and selling, Over the next ten social classs, quickly changing technology go forth impact more or less aspects of sales and merchandising strategy and management, (Diorio S.G, 2002)Google is one of the silk hat instances of companies that sport successfully employed technology in their marketing strategies. The firm started up as a abject expect engine in 1998 and today has an estimated worth of more than $35 billion, employing more than 20000 people. In the further sections, I will be discussing how google holds technology in its marketing operations, and the specific areas in which they are employed.Marketing air intoMarketing look intois the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of information about issues relating tomarketingproducts and run. (McDonald. M, 2007) Marketing Re pursuit helps a keep company determine, whether its current portfolio of products is satisfying the consumer needs, and what improvements spate be do in revolutionary products, and whether consumers will accept a freshly product or not.Google is well known for its inquisition elegance and optimisation over the years, it has consistently been successful in understanding what consumer is meddle or so for, and contriveting up relevant advertisements on their search results. Let us discuss what technologies google uses for its marketing researchAnonymous Data statistics bundleionGoogle analyses entropy that it receives from its search engine like the search keywords, location of user, age group, and so on And uses the data to deliver more optimised and local search results to the user, providin g a more precise and effective way of advertising. The data that Google collects is anonymous and is use for demographic classification only. Also if there is a bug or break in Googles search, it sends an error report to the company, so they roll in the hay work on fixing it and improving its results in future. This is a very effective marketing research technique is it does not involve much cost, and is base on reliable data that is generated on the companys own servers.This market research method is an congresswoman of excellent consumer involvement the data collected is with express licence of the users solely for improvement purpose, and Googles privacy policies intelligibly states that it is collected anonymously with no storage of the users personal information. Also there is an option for opting out of the research for anyone who does not want their data to be analysed.(Source Google Privacy Policy)Google AnalyticsGoogle analytics is Googles web analytics resoluteness it generates sixth senses into its websites traffic, total pattern of visits, subject of interest, location of users, etc and other statistical data which in turn the increases the effectiveness of marketing by identifying and analysing the preferences of the consumer and the product that they are searching for. It helps Google create better targeted and strategi constitutey channelised ads. Google also offers the analytics solution to many large corporations and companies helping them place their ads at strategic locations and increase their return on investment or ROI.It delivers sophisticated data to Google regarding its website traffic, and its get/loss of market share against its competing companies. The technique is an entirely stark nakedly approach compared to traditional marketing research methods like surveys and seminars, as this is totally electronic com displaceer generated research based on raw data collected from real(a) life users, and also it is more mathe matically correct and precise. Analytics smoke collect data from tracking fluid devices, location based website tagging and comparing the relevance of search toll to actual results.A very recent example of this tools utilities is when it surfaced that Bing, Microsofts proprietary search engine was copying Googles search results and algorithms, and Google was able to recrudesce this scam with its analytics tool. Amit Singhal from Google stated in his press release, Some Bing results increasingly look like an incomplete, stale version of Google results a cheap imitation, (BBC News, 2 February 2011)http//blog.hubspot.com/Portals/249/images/search.referrals.png perceptivity SearchThis is an interactive tool that Google uses to compare various search terms that are confusable, and based on consumer interest, it suggests the best corteged keywords and terms that must(prenominal) be used to increase advertisement revenue, it is a highly adept tool primarily working on elaborate p rogramming algorithms, which is st trim to Google. An example of this is given below.If Google is to place an advertisement for an automobile manufacturer, with the help of taste search it will be able to predict the message that best resonates the ad. For marketing a new car model it shall know what boast must be highlighted like fuel might, safety, ripe(p) looks, etc. With perceptivity search as we can see the most apt search term will be car safety as consumers clearly show more interest in that criteria over the othersCUsersChiragDesktopinsights_96693_en-time.jpgSource (Google insight Website)Google Insight uses an advanced intelligence algorithm called MYSql that filters the search results and provides suggestions that are more feasible and more likely to capture consumer interest this reduces the amount of toss away advertising and also offers more refined search results. This is a good tool for marketing research as it decreases the chance of misplaced advertising, wh ich is Googles largest author of income.Marketing intercourseMarketing Communicationsaremessagesand related media used to communicate with a market. Marketing talks is the promotion part of the Marketing Mix or the four Ps price, place, promotion, and product. (Clow. K, Donald.B). It is essential for any company to reach out to its consumers effectively, thus marketing communication is very important for successful business.Google has a very technology oriented approach for its marketing communication it promotes its advertisements and promotions in entirely non-conventional ways, let us examine the methods Google uses for its marketing communication purposesAd-WordsGoogle Ad-Words is Googles main advertising program and the prime source of income for the company. Ad-Words triggers advertisements based on the words that a user is searching for, it delivers relevant ads on various websites where advertisers want to place their ads. Ad-Words operates on the Pay Per Click (PPC) mode l, where Google gets salaried for each Click that an ad generates, and advertisers pee-pee to pay Google for the number of clock their ad is clicked on.The main features of Ad-Words are that it provides a non-geographical mode of advertising, it can place an advertisement on any website and not nevertheless its search page, which style that consumers have a repair accessibility to a plethora of products and services from the comfort of their homes. And for the advertisers, this is new and highly technological approach compared to traditional advertising methods like Hoardings, TV advertising, Radio advertising, etc, also it is interactive in nature.The most differentiating feature of Ad-Words is that the advertisements are customised for each and every user, It does not bombard the consumer with contrary ads and distracting pop-ups, it delivers the exact results the person is searching for, in simple and convenient text-based banners. For example If a person is searching for Holiday trip to Bahamas, then Google brings up the advertisements of travel agencies that offer the cheapest and the best deals for holidays to the Bahamas, and also other holiday packages to similar locations.This is nothing short of a revolution in the advertising labor in 2010 Googles revenue from Ad-Words advertising was US $28 Billion.(Source Investor.google.com)Click To claimThe Click to Call service offered by Google is a marketing communication initiative that was started in 2007 by Google through Click to Call, advertisers are allowed to put up their phone numbers on Googles website, and users can click on their advertisement to call them, Google connects them to the advertiser and the calling expenses are paid by Google. This is similar to Pay per Click advertising, except offers a whole new level of interaction to the advertisement.Google has also integrated this system of Click to call function on their new Phone operating system Froyo, whereby consumers search a map f or a nearby outlet and by tapping on it can directly call the advertiser. This is a considerable innovation in marketing communications. (Source Google ClickToCall official webpage)Google check-out procedure (Online Payment Integration)Thinking one tint ahead of just searching for products and services online, Google integrated the Search and get process, with the help of Google Checkout, Consumers can save their bank account details on Googles secure web servers, and when they are searching for something on the web they can simply buy it and make the payment for the product with the click of a barelyton, and the product is delivered to their doorstep.A consumer simply has to sign up with Google Checkout and take their details once after that whenever they want to buy something with the help of Google Checkout they just have to click on it and verify their identity with guarantor options like passwords, etc to prevent fraud. Also Google checkout comes pre-installed on smart-ph ones with Google operating system humanoid making it even more accessible.For example If a person is searching for Dan Browns Book, The Da Vinci Code on Google, it will return the search results, and the person can simply click the Buy button on the website from their computer or phone, and the payment for the book will be made and it will be directly delivered to their specified address. This simplifies the process of online to a ample extent.At the moment the products that are supported with the online payment systems are Books, CDs, and Media files, Google mobile handsets, and software program. As more traders sign up for Google Checkout the product portfolio will expand and provide more options to Google usersNFC MarketingThis is one of the latest technologies in marketing, also known as NFC or Near Field Communication it uses special radio frequency waves to communicate with devices like smart-phones, pdas, etc. NFC can be used to tag places and objects with RFID tags that c an be read by other devices by simply tapping on them. NFC can also be used to make payments with a smart phone by just swiping the device over the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device) Reader, this renders the need to carry near cash and debit cards useless. Google is integrating the NFC chip into its smart phones, and is place setting up NFC Hotspots all over large cities, to implement the new technology. This can be considered a breakthrough technology for the coming years.According to Claire Swedberg of RFID Journal, Googlehas been interrogation anRFID-enabled service aiming to link local businesses with customers. The service, known asHotspotdebuted in November 2010. (Swedberg. C, 23 February 2011)New Product DevelopmentNew product increase(NPD) is the term used to describe the complete process of bringing a newproductor service to market. (Ulrich.K, Eppinger. S, 2004). NPD is the preliminary step in developing a product or service, it involves a series of travel in order to introduce a new product in the market. NPD is essential to keep up with the changing technology and market trends.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTgI2lqnURK33cJWjLaFAQlzQaU0rxXHSClOyJk_LUQ6xL68R7EbgGoogle is a company with a large number of products under its portfolio, to name a few we have, Google Search, Google spot, Google Maps, Google Checkout, Google Ad-Words, Google Documents, YouTube, Books, Android operating system, etc. Google has developed a number of successful products over the years. This is because Google insists on releasing products that are more appealing consumers, and has been able to remain successful by launching the products in market before the competitors, mostly in the form of Beta interrogatory and fender projects. Let us take few examples of how Google integrates the latest technology into some steps of its New Product Development processIdea extensionFor most organisations the process of idea generation involves Brainstorming session s, and SWOT analysis, but Google takes a new technological approach for idea generation. Every year Google holds the CodeJam competition at its head-quarters in Mountain View, California. In this competition it invites new engineers and programmers, in order to identify top talent among them, the participants have to turn arithmetic and structural problems, and also they are asked to come up with new ideas for products and software. This is an innovative and technical way of generating ideas, and many of Googles services like the Android operating system are a result of this.(Source codejam.google.com)PrototypingPrototyping involves producing a tangible product icon. Google is running a pilot testing programming for its new Google chrome OS, to run the operating system Google has made the CR-48 laptop, to test its efficiency and compatibility with hardware. It is allowing application developers and daily users to use a prototype laptop given out for free, and provide usage infor mation to Google, so that it can complete(a) the product for a full featured launch in the market. (Source Chrome Os Pilot Programme Website)The advantage of prototyping products is that it provides a real life test result of what is expected from the product, and as a wide range of users test it, more information can be collected regarding the product. If the prototype receives good reviews, then the product can be considered feasible for a market launch.Beta TestingGoogles main competitive advantage comes from the fact that it always launches new products in the market before its competitors this is because it always releases its potentiality products in Beta stage. And if later on if any rectification is compulsory in them, it rectifies them and makes the final launch, this is advantageous as by the time the final product is launched it already will have a consumer base and will be accepted quickly by the market.Beta testing is the testing and improving of unfinished software , Beta testing is very useful when the programmers of the software want to receive a meaningful feedback. This is because when unfinished software is put to actual use, any bugs and errors that it may have can be identify and sorted.Google runs a project called Google Labs (www.google.com/labs). Under Labs Google runs unfinished products not yet ready for a launch. Some examples of such products are Google Transliteration, which allows users to type phonetically in any language using an English keyboard, And Google Wave(www.wave.google.com) which is Googles real-time social meshwork initiative, it allows consumers to update and connect with their in real time by share-out messages, pictures, videos, and file sharing, etc.Many of Googles most successful products like Google Mail (Gmail), Google Documents (Docs), Calendar, etc are products of Beta testing that got successful reviews and are widely used and accepted today.CommercialisationCommercialisation is the final launch of the p roduct in the market it involves the final production and promotion of its products. Proper use of technology is very important for the successful commercialisation of a product. Android is Googles highly successful and competitive smart-phone operating system, the commercialisation of the operating system was highly technological and advanced in nature, and compared to the other smart-phone platforms, like Windows and Apples IOS, it was well advanced.Google commercialise the operating system by venturing with Taiwanese phone company HTC to lift a Google branded phone, the first of its kind, which became highly successful. Also the handset was advertize and can be ordered from Googles search page. It was the first time a internet search based company entered the smart-phone industry. And the rest of the manufacturers like Samsung, Sony Ericsson, etc followed suite with their android handsets.The real technological breakthrough was when Google delivered OTA or Over the breeze Sof tware updates for smart-phones with their operating system. No other company has used OTA to update a phones software before, it was basically used to update subscriber settings, but Google made the use of that technology to deliver and optimise the smart-phone software, which was widely comprehended by customers worldwide. This is a good example of commercialising a product with the use of latest available technology.ConclusionBusiness Leaders today have realised that looking beyond the conventional ways of marketing and adopting the new technology is the mantra of successful business, in current business environment. Firms like Google that constantly aim for the refinement of technology are the new market leaders.Companies have become re-inventive in the way they manage their people, and in the use of technology. gum olibanum we can say that Technology has had an huge impact on the process organisations and the process of marketing.Bibliography

Which is Witch? Essay -- Character Analysis, Ron Rash

The novel, One pedestal in paradise by Ron Rash, is an extravagant story that takes the reader into a tail of desperation, amnesty and the inevitable change that comes with time. The novel is written in first individual by four different novel characters who include The High Sheriff Alexander, replacement Bobby, Billy Holcombe, and his wife, Amy. The High Sheriff is looking for Holland Winchester, who is known as a local anaesthetic ruffian and war hero. The Sheriff soon learns from Hollands mother that he had been having an mapping with Amy Holcombe prior to his disappearance. Although Amy loves her husband Billy he cannot give her a electric shaver because he is sterile. Amy goes to Holland Winchester, her neighbor, to give her a child because widow Glendower promised he would. Widow Glendower is a minor character in the novel One Foot in Eden. However, she plays a vital role. Widow Glendower is often referred to as a witch through stunned the novel, often associated with a devilish figure. Many mean that witches are dangerous. For most of history, in most of the world, the prevailing view of witches is that they infix some kind of threat (690 Joshi). There are certain characteristics that symbolize the figure of a witch, however, Ronald Hutton states that there is no general agreement on what a witch or witchcraft is supposed to be. Though out the book, some of Widow Glendowers actions could be interpreted to embody the characteristics of a witch. However, instead of being viewed as a witch or expectant figure, Widow Glendower should be seen as a part of a traditionalistic herbal healing age, who cared for the sick and received a bad track because of history. She should be noted as a gentle midwife that wishes to pray life, not take it away. Wid... ...tid=12777Kontoyannis, M., & Katsetos, C. (2011). Midwives in early modern europe (1400-1800). health Science Journal, 5(1), 31-36. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/845921670?a ccountid=12777 Nolan, J., & Robbins, M. (1999). Cultural conservation of medicinal plant use in the ozarks. Human Organization, 58(1), 67-72. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/201159123?accountid=12777 Rash, Ron. One Foot in Eden. New York Henry Holt and Company, 2002. Print. Joshi, S.T. Icons of shame and the supernatural an encyclopedia of our worst nightmares. Greenwood Publishing Company, 2007. Volume 2. Ebook.Popkin, B. (1996). Wives, mothers, and witches The learned talk about women in early modern europe. Journal of Womens History, 8(3), 193-193. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/203245655?accountid=12777

Great Exhibition Building in Dublin Essay -- Architecture History

Dublin 1853 Main HallThis image is a beautiful color lithograph, measuring 25 by 35 inches, which features the important hall of the groovy order of battle Building in Dublin in great detail. The hall was 425 feet in length by carbon in width, and 105 in height. In the back there is a full-grown organ. Displayed high on the walls argon flags from different countries.The building is best set forth by The Illustrated Dublin Exhibition Catalogue, which says Presenting a front to Merrion-square of 300 feet, the of import or centre feature of elevation consists of a semicircular projection, which forms the eastern termination of the Central Hall. This in a noble apartment of 425 feet in length, and 100 feet in height, covered by a semicircular crownwork trellis robs, in one span of 100 feet. On each(prenominal) side of the Centre upon trellis ribs, in one span of 100 feet. On each side of the Centre Hall, and running parallel to it for the equivalent length, are two halls 5 0 feet wide, with domed roofs, similar to that which covers the main nave or hall of the building. The Height from the floor to the roof of each of these halls is 65 feet. They are approached through passages from the Centre Hall. In addition to these three halls are cardinal compartments of 25 feet wide, running the whole length of the building two are placed between the Centre Hall and the side halls, and two on each side of the latter divided into sections of 25 feet square, forming convenient divisions for the purposes of classification. everywhere these compartments are spacious galleries, also running the length of the building, which not solo afford increased space for exhibition, but form an agreeable saunter from whence the effect of the three halls may be seen to greater advantage. To the in the south ... ...or, which do its splendid halls themselves, examples of an incentives to something higher and grander in design than had before been achieve (Sproule). The Buil ding itself was perhaps the most successful novelty exhibited, both in Art and Manufacture (Sproule).No information on the fate of the Great Exhibition Building, other than it no longer stands and no attempt was made to rebuild the structure with more permanent materials.Works CitedFindling, John E., editor, historic Dictionary of Worlds Fairs and Expositions, 1851-1988. New York Greenwood Press, 1990. p. 10-11Ingram, J.S., The Centennial Exposition Described and Illustrated. St. Louis Hubbard Bros., 1876. p. 31-33The Illustrated Dublin Exhibition Catalogue. London Virtue, 1853. p. v Sproule, John. Irish Industrial Exhibition 1853. London William S. Orr & Co., 1854. p. 27-41.

Christopher Marlowe :: essays research papers

Christopher MarloweMany record and influential authors emerged during the Renaissance. Among these talented individuals was Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe and his fellow writers of the late sextupletteenth and early ordinal centuries, impacted the course of writing, which preceded their life. Their works continue to be read and analyze by numerous people, to this day. Christopher Marlowe was a dominant English poet and playwright, who perhaps was William Shakespeare&8217s most important predecessor in England (Britannica 917). Of all writers in the Elizabethan era, he was perhaps the most dashing, tempestuous, and appealing (Microsoft Encarta). Although Marlowe was considered the most important dramatist, preliminary to Shakespeare, his entire career as a playwright lasted only six years.Marlowe was born on February 6th, 1564 in Canterbury, England. His father, John Marlowe, was a shoemaker and tanner. His mother, Catherine Author, was the girlfriend of a clergyman. Marlowe atte nded Kings School in Canterbury, England. At Kings School, he stock a very regimented education, which was considered one of the best available during that time. The shallow day began and ended with a prayer at six am and five p.m. respectively. In addition to daily instruction in theology and music, they also sang the morning mass in the Cathedral. The boys were allowed to speak just in Latin, even while at play. He was granted a scholarship, established by Matthew Perry, to attend Corpus Christi College in Cambridge. (Gale Research) After receiving his BA in 1584, he became known as &8220Dominus Marlowe(. At age twenty-one, his proverb was &8220That which nourishes me, destroys me (Kunitz 823). This statement foretold and shaped his writing style. From thereafter, many absences from the university were recorded. In 1587, he was allowed to attain his Masters, only after the Privy Council sent a letter to the university making it very clear that his service to the government ha d frequently taken him abroad. He left Cambridge after six and a half years of study with the intention of taking holy orders and entering the Anglican Church, as official by his scholarship. However, instead he entered the government service, as an agent. In edition, Marlowe became a playwright for the London theatres. As an occasional actor in 1589, Marlowe keep his role as a regular dramatist for the Lord Admirals Company. He also wrote for The Earl of Nottinghams Companies. Marlowe was often in trouble with the law, and little is known about(predicate) his life, aside from his writings.

Young Biz :: Free Essay Writer

Young secret planYoure young and ambitious, with a great(p) idea for a new software program, downtown music zine, or a better-than-Snapple bever season--but how do you period of play your dream concept into a palmy descent?Forget the ultra-conservative suits who sc strikeed when you brought your hot idea to their door As sequel magazines Ron Lieber shows, you can actually turn your youth, in bugger off, and lack of money to your benefit and benefit on your assets to trump the corporate system, be your own boss, and turn your entrepreneurial vision into a reality.Based on interviews with more than thirty young, fencesitter entrepreneurs who meet developed some of todays hottest--even revolutionary--companies and products, Upstart Start-Ups provides essential tips and information that leave modify you to get your own Nantucket Nectars or Magnetic Poetry off the ground. yellow journalism outThe myths and realities you need to know about starting a business when youre chtho nian 30How to generate your first brainstorm and how to act on a good ideaHow to overcome the stigmas of youth and inexperience and make your hop on stool to your advantageHow to develop a realistic business planWhere and how to get the fiscal backing you needHow to establish credibility for your business or product with consumersModels that withstand be successful, and how to apply them to your own visionTwenty-six-year-old Ron Lieber writes for Fortune magazine and is the coauthor of the late York propagation business bestseller Taking Time Off. He appears regularly on matter television and radio to discuss career issues, corporate management, and his new columns.Publishers hebdomadallyFortune writer Lieber (whos 26) gears this chatty guide to people under age 35 who dont have rich parents to help them get started. He distills the hard-won insights of 34 young entrepreneurs who launched successful start-ups an online personal-finance forum, an art gallery, a wine distrib utorship, a marked-up Mexican restaurant, a chain of airport-based music stores, among others and kept them going. Their at first hand experience is the core of the book, which follows the approach of Liebers Taking Time Off, which advised college students by practice session in how to carefully tune in and temporarily lay out. season this is not a comprehensive, detailed handbook, the savvy tips of Liebers interviewees acquaint tyros conceptually with a variety of standard business practices. They offer such bedrock as Do What You Know, as one acne-prone woman now runs a well-fixed skin-care spa notes, to do-it-yourself market research, like that of a swimwear fountain who prepare in retail to find out what women really wanted.Young Biz Free Essay WriterYoung BizYoure young and ambitious, with a great idea for a new software program, downtown music zine, or a better-than-Snapple beverage--but how do you turn your dream concept into a thriving business?Forget the ultra-co nservative suits who scoffed when you brought your hot idea to their door As Fortune magazines Ron Lieber shows, you can actually turn your youth, inexperience, and lack of money to your advantage and capitalize on your assets to trump the corporate system, be your own boss, and turn your entrepreneurial vision into a reality.Based on interviews with more than thirty young, independent entrepreneurs who have developed some of todays hottest--even revolutionary--companies and products, Upstart Start-Ups provides essential tips and information that will enable you to get your own Nantucket Nectars or Magnetic Poetry off the ground. Check outThe myths and realities you need to know about starting a business when youre under 30How to generate your first brainstorm and how to act on a good ideaHow to overcome the stigmas of youth and inexperience and make your age work to your advantageHow to develop a realistic business planWhere and how to get the financial backing you needHow to estab lish credibility for your business or product with consumersModels that have proved successful, and how to apply them to your own visionTwenty-six-year-old Ron Lieber writes for Fortune magazine and is the coauthor of the New York Times business bestseller Taking Time Off. He appears regularly on national television and radio to discuss career issues, corporate management, and his recent columns.Publishers WeeklyFortune writer Lieber (whos 26) gears this chatty guide to people under age 35 who dont have rich parents to help them get started. He distills the hard-won insights of 34 young entrepreneurs who launched successful start-ups an online personal-finance forum, an art gallery, a wine distributorship, a funky Mexican restaurant, a chain of airport-based music stores, among others and kept them going. Their firsthand experience is the core of the book, which follows the approach of Liebers Taking Time Off, which advised college students by example in how to carefully tune in and temporarily drop out. While this is not a comprehensive, detailed handbook, the savvy tips of Liebers interviewees acquaint tyros conceptually with a variety of standard business practices. They offer such basics as Do What You Know, as one acne-prone woman now runs a thriving skin-care spa notes, to do-it-yourself market research, like that of a swimwear designer who apprenticed in retail to find out what women really wanted.